Phase T8: self-hosting bootstrap

1	BUILD  := build
2	
3	# BOOTSTRAP_CC: the *host's* real C compiler, needed exactly once to
4	# build our own AS/CC/LD from source on a fresh checkout (see
5	# docs/toolchain.md's Bootstrap section). Everything below that point -
6	# every kernel/host-tool source file - is built exclusively by our own
7	# tools; BOOTSTRAP_CC is never invoked on OS code.
8	BOOTSTRAP_CC := gcc
9	
10	AS     := $(BUILD)/toolchain/as
11	CC     := $(BUILD)/toolchain/cc
12	LD     := $(BUILD)/toolchain/ld
13	HOSTCC := $(BUILD)/toolchain/cc --target=host
14	QEMU   := qemu-system-i386
15	
16	# -Itoolchain/include: CC has no built-in header search path at all (see
17	# docs/toolchain.md) - <stdint.h>/<stddef.h> only resolve because of this.
18	CFLAGS  := -Ikernel -Itoolchain/include
19	HOSTCFLAGS := -Ikernel -Itools -Itoolchain/include
20	
21	# Must match TINYFS_DISK_SECTORS / TINYFS_FS_START_LBA in kernel/fs/tinyfs.h
22	# and KERNEL_START_LBA / KERNEL_SECTORS in boot/stage2.S
23	DISK_SECTORS  := 4096
24	KERNEL_START_SECTOR := 5
25	KERNEL_MAX_SECTORS  := 512
26	
27	BOOT_BIN   := $(BUILD)/boot.bin
28	STAGE2_BIN := $(BUILD)/stage2.bin
29	DISK_IMG   := $(BUILD)/disk.img
30	
31	# kernel/builtins_shim.c is gone: CC intercepts every __builtin_* call
32	# site directly in codegen (see docs/toolchain.md) and never needs a
33	# linkable definition - the shim only existed for the old gcc build.
34	KERNEL_C_SRCS := kernel/kmain.c kernel/console.c kernel/serial.c kernel/gdt.c \
35	                 kernel/idt.c kernel/string.c kernel/memory.c kernel/selftest.c \
36	                 kernel/ata.c kernel/fs/tinyfs.c kernel/fs/tinyfs_disk.c \
37	                 kernel/keyboard.c kernel/shell/shell.c \
38	                 kernel/lang/lexer.c kernel/lang/script/ast.c \
39	                 kernel/lang/script/parser.c kernel/lang/script/eval.c \
40	                 kernel/lang/compiler/parser.c kernel/lang/compiler/codegen.c \
41	                 kernel/lang/vm.c
42	KERNEL_ASM_SRCS := kernel/entry.S kernel/idt_stubs.S
43	KERNEL_OBJS   := $(patsubst kernel/%.S,$(BUILD)/%.o,$(KERNEL_ASM_SRCS)) \
44	                 $(patsubst kernel/%.c,$(BUILD)/%.o,$(KERNEL_C_SRCS))
45	KERNEL_BIN    := $(BUILD)/kernel.bin
46	
47	MKFS_BIN := $(BUILD)/mkfs_tinyfs
48	# host_string.o/host_tinyfs.o: kernel/string.c and kernel/fs/tinyfs.c
49	# compiled a *second* time, natively - host tools are libc-free (see
50	# docs/toolchain.md), same as the kernel itself, and this build has its
51	# own build/fs/tinyfs.o etc for the freestanding kernel target, so these
52	# need the host_ prefix to not collide with those.
53	# tools/host_syscalls_shim.c is gone the same way builtins_shim.c is:
54	# CC intercepts __sys_* calls directly.
55	MKFS_OBJS := $(BUILD)/host_tinyfs.o $(BUILD)/host_string.o $(BUILD)/host_mkfs_tinyfs.o
56	# host-path:fs-name pairs seeded into every disk image; the host paths
57	# alone are listed separately so they can be used as make prerequisites
58	MKFS_SEED_FILES := tests/hello.tsh tests/hello.tc
59	MKFS_SEED_SPECS := tests/hello.tsh:hello.tsh tests/hello.tc:hello.tc
60	
61	.PHONY: all run run-gui clean
62	
63	all: $(DISK_IMG)
64	
65	BUILD_SUBDIRS := $(BUILD) $(BUILD)/toolchain $(BUILD)/fs $(BUILD)/shell \
66	                  $(BUILD)/lang $(BUILD)/lang/script $(BUILD)/lang/compiler
67	
68	$(BUILD_SUBDIRS):
69		mkdir -p $@
70	
71	# --- bootstrap: build our own AS/CC/LD from source, once, with the host's gcc ---
72	
73	TOOLCHAIN_AS_SRCS := $(wildcard toolchain/as/*.c)
74	TOOLCHAIN_CC_SRCS := $(wildcard toolchain/cc/*.c)
75	TOOLCHAIN_LD_SRCS := $(wildcard toolchain/ld/*.c)
76	
77	$(BUILD)/toolchain/as: $(TOOLCHAIN_AS_SRCS) | $(BUILD)/toolchain
78		$(BOOTSTRAP_CC) -Wall -Wextra -O2 -o $@ $(TOOLCHAIN_AS_SRCS)
79	
80	$(BUILD)/toolchain/cc: $(TOOLCHAIN_CC_SRCS) | $(BUILD)/toolchain
81		$(BOOTSTRAP_CC) -Wall -Wextra -O2 -o $@ $(TOOLCHAIN_CC_SRCS)
82	
83	$(BUILD)/toolchain/ld: $(TOOLCHAIN_LD_SRCS) | $(BUILD)/toolchain
84		$(BOOTSTRAP_CC) -Wall -Wextra -O2 -o $@ $(TOOLCHAIN_LD_SRCS)
85	
86	# --- boot loader (hand-written assembly, flat binary) ---
87	
88	$(BOOT_BIN): boot/boot.S | $(BUILD) $(AS)
89		$(AS) -f bin -o $@ $<
90	
91	$(STAGE2_BIN): boot/stage2.S | $(BUILD) $(AS)
92		$(AS) -f bin -o $@ $<
93	
94	# --- kernel ---
95	# Hand-written assembly (entry.S/idt_stubs.S) assembles directly.
96	# C sources go through CC first (.c -> .S, AS-syntax text) and then AS
97	# (.S -> .o, ELF32 relocatable) - CC has no built-in assembler, it always
98	# emits assembly text (see docs/toolchain.md), so this is always two
99	# steps where gcc's `-c` used to be one.
100	
101	$(BUILD)/%.o: kernel/%.S | $(BUILD_SUBDIRS) $(AS)
102		$(AS) -f elf32 -o $@ $<
103	
104	$(BUILD)/%.S: kernel/%.c | $(BUILD_SUBDIRS) $(CC)
105		$(CC) $(CFLAGS) -o $@ $<
106	
107	$(BUILD)/%.o: $(BUILD)/%.S | $(BUILD_SUBDIRS) $(AS)
108		$(AS) -f elf32 -o $@ $<
109	
110	# LD's link_flat mode writes the kernel image straight to a flat binary
111	# (--format bin) - no intermediate ELF, no OBJCOPY step (see
112	# docs/toolchain.md: LD already has the loadable bytes laid out in
113	# memory before an ELF wrapper would even be needed).
114	$(KERNEL_BIN): $(KERNEL_OBJS) kernel/link.ld | $(LD)
115		$(LD) -T kernel/link.ld --format bin -o $@ $(KERNEL_OBJS)
116		@size=$$(stat -c%s $@); budget=$$(( $(KERNEL_MAX_SECTORS) * 512 )); \
117		if [ "$$size" -gt "$$budget" ]; then \
118			echo "error: $@ is $$size bytes, exceeds the $$budget-byte ($(KERNEL_MAX_SECTORS)-sector) boot budget" >&2; \
119			echo "       bump KERNEL_SECTORS in boot/stage2.S, KERNEL_MAX_SECTORS here, and TINYFS_FS_START_LBA in kernel/fs/tinyfs.h together" >&2; \
120			exit 1; \
121		fi
122	
123	# --- host-side mkfs tool (build-time infrastructure, not kernel code) ---
124	# Same two-step (.c -> .S -> .o) pipeline as the kernel, via HOSTCC
125	# (CC --target=host, which adds a _start that calls main - see
126	# docs/toolchain.md) instead of CC.
127	
128	$(BUILD)/host_tinyfs.S: kernel/fs/tinyfs.c | $(BUILD) $(CC)
129		$(HOSTCC) $(HOSTCFLAGS) -o $@ $<
130	$(BUILD)/host_tinyfs.o: $(BUILD)/host_tinyfs.S | $(BUILD) $(AS)
131		$(AS) -f elf32 -o $@ $<
132	
133	$(BUILD)/host_string.S: kernel/string.c | $(BUILD) $(CC)
134		$(HOSTCC) $(HOSTCFLAGS) -o $@ $<
135	$(BUILD)/host_string.o: $(BUILD)/host_string.S | $(BUILD) $(AS)
136		$(AS) -f elf32 -o $@ $<
137	
138	$(BUILD)/host_mkfs_tinyfs.S: tools/mkfs_tinyfs.c | $(BUILD) $(CC)
139		$(HOSTCC) $(HOSTCFLAGS) -o $@ $<
140	$(BUILD)/host_mkfs_tinyfs.o: $(BUILD)/host_mkfs_tinyfs.S | $(BUILD) $(AS)
141		$(AS) -f elf32 -o $@ $<
142	
143	# LD's default (link_static_exec) mode: a minimal static ELF32 executable,
144	# entry point taken from the linked _start symbol (see docs/toolchain.md).
145	$(MKFS_BIN): $(MKFS_OBJS) | $(LD)
146		$(LD) -o $@ $(MKFS_OBJS)
147	
148	$(DISK_IMG): $(BOOT_BIN) $(STAGE2_BIN) $(KERNEL_BIN) $(MKFS_BIN) $(MKFS_SEED_FILES)
149		dd if=/dev/zero of=$@ bs=512 count=$(DISK_SECTORS) status=none
150		dd if=$(BOOT_BIN) of=$@ conv=notrunc status=none
151		dd if=$(STAGE2_BIN) of=$@ bs=512 seek=1 conv=notrunc status=none
152		dd if=$(KERNEL_BIN) of=$@ bs=512 seek=$(KERNEL_START_SECTOR) conv=notrunc status=none
153		$(MKFS_BIN) $@ $(MKFS_SEED_SPECS)
154	
155	# Headless: no window at all, so there's no input surface for the emulated
156	# PS/2 keyboard - useful for a quick boot sanity check or scripting, but
157	# you cannot type into the shell this way. Use `make run-gui` to interact.
158	run: $(DISK_IMG)
159		$(QEMU) -drive file=$(DISK_IMG),format=raw -display none -serial stdio -no-reboot
160	
161	# Opens a real window - click into it, then type. Serial output is also
162	# echoed to this terminal, but keystrokes only reach the guest via the
163	# window.
164	run-gui: $(DISK_IMG)
165		$(QEMU) -drive file=$(DISK_IMG),format=raw -serial stdio -no-reboot
166	
167	clean:
168		rm -rf $(BUILD)
169	

=== stdio calls ===
     47 stderr
     47 fprintf
     29 fwrite
     18 fopen
     11 fclose
      8 perror
      6 snprintf
      6 fseek
      5 ftell
      5 fputc
      4 fread
      1 vfprintf
      1 printf
=== stdlib calls ===
     32 exit
     12 calloc
      4 malloc
      2 strtoll
      1 free
=== string calls ===
    121 strcmp
     22 memset
     15 memcpy
      7 strncmp
      6 strlen
      1 strrchr
      1 strcpy
=== ctype calls ===
      4 isalnum
      3 tolower
      2 isdigit
      2 isalpha
=== varargs ===
toolchain/cc/main.c:30:             * (-Wall, -O2, -std=c11, -m32, -ffreestanding, ...) rather
toolchain/cc/main.c:39:        fprintf(stderr, "usage: cc [-I dir]... [--target=kernel|host] -o <out.S> <in.c>\n");
toolchain/cc/codegen.c:27:static void out(const char *fmt, ...) {
toolchain/cc/codegen.c:28:    va_list ap;
toolchain/cc/codegen.c:29:    va_start(ap, fmt);
toolchain/cc/codegen.c:31:    va_end(ap);
toolchain/cc/codegen.c:208:             * disk_block_read, ...)) decays to its own address - there's no
toolchain/cc/codegen.c:353:                              void (*emit_arg)(node_t *), void (*emitf)(const char *, ...));
toolchain/cc/codegen.c:695:     * not a function symbol at all - e.g. tinyfs.c's `block_read(...)`
toolchain/cc/preprocessor.c:100: * TINYFS_INODE_BLOCK -> (TINYFS_BITMAP_BLOCK + ...)). `active` tracks
toolchain/cc/builtins.c:14: * `emitf(fmt, ...)` writes a line of assembly text. */
toolchain/cc/builtins.c:17:typedef void (*emitf_fn)(const char *, ...);
toolchain/ld/main.c:143:        fprintf(stderr, "usage: ld [-T <script>] [--flat-base 0xADDR] [--format elf|bin] -o <out> <in.o>...\n");
toolchain/cc/parser.c:219:                 * `struct node { ... }`) needs to find its own tag while
toolchain/cc/parser.c:783:/* `{ v1, v2, ... }` or a single scalar expression. Brace lists are only
toolchain/cc/parser.c:818:    /* Same `T name[] = { ... }` size-inference fix as parse_global_var -
toolchain/cc/parser.c:820:     * {...};` (used throughout the kernel's scripting-language parser
toolchain/cc/parser.c:964:    /* `T name[] = { ... };` - array_len was left at -1 by parse_declarator
toolchain/cc/parser.c:993:    /* cdecl: EBP+8, +12, ... for params, in order - except when the
toolchain/cc/parser.c:1068:                decl = node_new(ND_NOP); /* lone `struct Foo { ... };` with no variable */
=== sys/stat ===
toolchain/ld/link_static_exec.c:6:#include <sys/stat.h>

1	#include "cc.h"
2	
3	#include <stdio.h>
4	#include <string.h>
5	
6	/* The fixed builtin list this compiler supports, in place of a general
7	 * GCC-extended-inline-asm parser (see docs/toolchain.md for why - the
8	 * kernel's actual inline-asm usage reduces to exactly these ~7
9	 * operations). Each maps 1:1 to a short, fixed instruction sequence;
10	 * arguments are evaluated left-to-right via the normal expression
11	 * codegen, matching how a real function call would evaluate them,
12	 * then moved into the fixed registers x86 port I/O and syscalls
13	 * require. `emit_arg(node)` is codegen_expr (result in EAX);
14	 * `emitf(fmt, ...)` writes a line of assembly text. */
15	
16	typedef void (*emit_arg_fn)(node_t *);
17	typedef void (*emitf_fn)(const char *, ...);
18	
19	static int g_builtin_label_id;
20	
21	static node_t *nth(node_t *args, int i) {
22	    for (; args && i > 0; args = args->next, i--) {}
23	    return args;
24	}
25	
26	int is_builtin_name(const char *name) {
27	    static const char *names[] = {
28	        "__builtin_inb", "__builtin_outb", "__builtin_inw", "__builtin_outw",
29	        "__builtin_lidt", "__builtin_gdt_flush", "__builtin_hlt",
30	        "__sys_open", "__sys_read", "__sys_write", "__sys_lseek", "__sys_close", "__sys_exit",
31	        NULL,
32	    };
33	    for (int i = 0; names[i]; i++) if (strcmp(name, names[i]) == 0) return 1;
34	    return 0;
35	}
36	
37	/* Returns 1 if `name` was a builtin (and emitted code for it), 0
38	 * otherwise (ordinary call - the caller falls back to a normal `call`). */
39	int builtin_emit_call(const char *name, node_t *args, cc_target_t target,
40	                       emit_arg_fn emit_arg, emitf_fn emitf) {
41	    (void)target;
42	
43	    /* --- kernel port I/O + privileged instructions --- */
44	    if (strcmp(name, "__builtin_outb") == 0) {
45	        emit_arg(nth(args, 0)); emitf("    push eax\n");    /* port */
46	        emit_arg(nth(args, 1)); emitf("    mov ecx, eax\n");  /* value */
47	        emitf("    pop eax\n");     /* eax = port */
48	        emitf("    mov edx, eax\n"); /* edx = port (dx usable) */
49	        emitf("    mov eax, ecx\n");  /* eax = value (al usable) */
50	        emitf("    out dx, al\n");
51	        return 1;
52	    }
53	    if (strcmp(name, "__builtin_inb") == 0) {
54	        emit_arg(nth(args, 0)); /* port */
55	        emitf("    mov edx, eax\n    in al, dx\n    movzx eax, al\n");
56	        return 1;
57	    }
58	    if (strcmp(name, "__builtin_outw") == 0) {
59	        emit_arg(nth(args, 0)); emitf("    push eax\n");
60	        emit_arg(nth(args, 1)); emitf("    mov ecx, eax\n");
61	        emitf("    pop eax\n    mov edx, eax\n    mov eax, ecx\n    out dx, ax\n");
62	        return 1;
63	    }
64	    if (strcmp(name, "__builtin_inw") == 0) {
65	        emit_arg(nth(args, 0));
66	        emitf("    mov edx, eax\n    in ax, dx\n    movzx eax, ax\n");
67	        return 1;
68	    }
69	    if (strcmp(name, "__builtin_hlt") == 0) { emitf("    hlt\n"); return 1; }
70	    if (strcmp(name, "__builtin_lidt") == 0) {
71	        emit_arg(nth(args, 0)); /* pointer to the idt descriptor */
72	        emitf("    mov ecx, eax\n    lidt [ecx]\n");
73	        return 1;
74	    }
75	    if (strcmp(name, "__builtin_gdt_flush") == 0) {
76	        /* Loads the GDT, reloads every data/stack segment to the flat
77	         * data selector (0x10, matching gdt.c's layout), and far-jumps
78	         * to the flat code selector (0x08) to reload CS - the one
79	         * sequence in the kernel that inherently can't be a single
80	         * instruction. A unique label per call site (own counter,
81	         * ".Lbi" prefix so it can never collide with codegen.c's own
82	         * ".L" control-flow labels) since this can be called more than
83	         * once in a translation unit. */
84	        char lbl[MAX_NAME];
85	        snprintf(lbl, sizeof(lbl), ".Lbi%d", g_builtin_label_id++);
86	        emit_arg(nth(args, 0)); /* pointer to the gdt descriptor */
87	        emitf("    mov ecx, eax\n    lgdt [ecx]\n");
88	        emitf("    mov ax, 0x10\n    mov ds, ax\n    mov es, ax\n    mov fs, ax\n    mov gs, ax\n    mov ss, ax\n");
89	        emitf("    jmp 0x08:%s\n", lbl);
90	        emitf("%s:\n", lbl);
91	        return 1;
92	    }
93	
94	    /* --- raw Linux syscalls (host target only - see docs/toolchain.md) --- */
95	    if (strcmp(name, "__sys_exit") == 0) {
96	        emit_arg(nth(args, 0)); emitf("    mov ebx, eax\n    mov eax, 1\n    int 0x80\n");
97	        return 1;
98	    }
99	    if (strcmp(name, "__sys_close") == 0) {
100	        emit_arg(nth(args, 0)); emitf("    mov ebx, eax\n    mov eax, 6\n    int 0x80\n");
101	        return 1;
102	    }
103	    if (strcmp(name, "__sys_open") == 0) {
104	        emit_arg(nth(args, 0)); emitf("    push eax\n");   /* path */
105	        emit_arg(nth(args, 1)); emitf("    push eax\n");     /* flags */
106	        emitf("    mov edx, 420\n"); /* mode 0644, used only when O_CREAT is set */
107	        emitf("    pop ecx\n    pop ebx\n    mov eax, 5\n    int 0x80\n");
108	        return 1;
109	    }
110	    if (strcmp(name, "__sys_read") == 0 || strcmp(name, "__sys_write") == 0) {
111	        int nr = strcmp(name, "__sys_read") == 0 ? 3 : 4;
112	        emit_arg(nth(args, 0)); emitf("    push eax\n");    /* fd */
113	        emit_arg(nth(args, 1)); emitf("    push eax\n");      /* buf */
114	        emit_arg(nth(args, 2)); emitf("    mov edx, eax\n");    /* count */
115	        emitf("    pop ecx\n    pop ebx\n    mov eax, %d\n    int 0x80\n", nr);
116	        return 1;
117	    }
118	    if (strcmp(name, "__sys_lseek") == 0) {
119	        emit_arg(nth(args, 0)); emitf("    push eax\n");    /* fd */
120	        emit_arg(nth(args, 1)); emitf("    push eax\n");      /* offset */
121	        emit_arg(nth(args, 2)); emitf("    mov edx, eax\n");    /* whence */
122	        emitf("    pop ecx\n    pop ebx\n    mov eax, 19\n    int 0x80\n");
123	        return 1;
124	    }
125	
126	    return 0;
127	}
128	

toolchain/cc/main.c:11:    int parse_only = 0;
toolchain/cc/main.c:26:        else if (strcmp(argv[i], "--parse-only") == 0) { parse_only = 1; }
toolchain/cc/main.c:49:    if (parse_only) {
---
#include "cc.h"

#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <string.h>

int main(int argc, char **argv) {
    const char *inpath = NULL;
    const char *outpath = NULL;
    cc_target_t target = TARGET_KERNEL;
    int parse_only = 0;

    for (int i = 1; i < argc; i++) {
        if (strcmp(argv[i], "-o") == 0 && i + 1 < argc) { outpath = argv[++i]; }
        else if (strcmp(argv[i], "-I") == 0 && i + 1 < argc) {
            if (g_n_include_dirs < MAX_INCLUDE_DIRS) g_include_dirs[g_n_include_dirs++] = argv[++i];
        }
        else if (strncmp(argv[i], "-I", 2) == 0 && argv[i][2] != '\0') {
            /* gcc-compatible combined form (-Ikernel, no space) - the
             * real Makefile's CFLAGS uses exactly this form. */
            if (g_n_include_dirs < MAX_INCLUDE_DIRS) g_include_dirs[g_n_include_dirs++] = argv[i] + 2;
        }
        else if (strncmp(argv[i], "--target=", 9) == 0) {
            target = strcmp(argv[i] + 9, "host") == 0 ? TARGET_HOST : TARGET_KERNEL;
        }
        else if (strcmp(argv[i], "--parse-only") == 0) { parse_only = 1; }
        else if (strcmp(argv[i], "-c") == 0) { /* implied: one file in, one .S out - accepted, no-op */ }
        else if (argv[i][0] == '-') {
            /* Tolerate the rest of a real compiler invocation's flags
             * (-Wall, -O2, -std=c11, -m32, -ffreestanding, ...) rather
             * than erroring or (worse) mistaking one for the input
             * file - the Makefile passes these unchanged either way,
             * since CC is meant to be a drop-in gcc replacement for
             * this project's exact build commands (see docs/toolchain.md). */
        }
        else { inpath = argv[i]; }
    }
    if (!inpath) {
        fprintf(stderr, "usage: cc [-I dir]... [--target=kernel|host] -o <out.S> <in.c>\n");
        return 1;
    }

    static token_t toks[MAX_TOKENS];
    int n_toks = 0;
    pp_process_file(inpath, toks, &n_toks, MAX_TOKENS);

    node_t *prog = cc_parse(toks, n_toks);

    if (parse_only) {
        printf("cc: parsed %s OK\n", inpath);
        return 0;
    }

    if (!outpath) {
        fprintf(stderr, "cc: -o <out.S> required\n");
        return 1;
    }
    FILE *out = fopen(outpath, "w");
    if (!out) { perror("cc: fopen"); return 1; }
    codegen_emit(prog, out, target);
    fclose(out);
    return 0;
}

=== toolchain/as/bin_writer.c ===
cc: toolchain/as/bin_writer.c:3: cannot find include file 'stdio.h'
=== toolchain/as/elf_writer.c ===
cc: toolchain/as/elf_writer.c:4: cannot find include file 'stdio.h'
=== toolchain/as/encode.c ===
cc: toolchain/as/encode.c:3: cannot find include file 'stdio.h'
=== toolchain/as/lexer.c ===
cc: toolchain/as/lexer.c:3: cannot find include file 'ctype.h'
=== toolchain/as/main.c ===
cc: toolchain/as/main.c:3: cannot find include file 'stdio.h'
=== toolchain/as/parser.c ===
cc: toolchain/as/parser.c:3: cannot find include file 'stdio.h'
=== toolchain/cc/builtins.c ===
cc: toolchain/cc/builtins.c:3: cannot find include file 'stdio.h'
=== toolchain/cc/codegen.c ===
cc: toolchain/cc/codegen.c:3: cannot find include file 'stdio.h'
=== toolchain/cc/lexer.c ===
cc: toolchain/cc/lexer.c:3: cannot find include file 'ctype.h'
=== toolchain/cc/main.c ===
cc: toolchain/cc/main.c:3: cannot find include file 'stdio.h'
=== toolchain/cc/parser.c ===
cc: toolchain/cc/parser.c:3: cannot find include file 'stdio.h'
=== toolchain/cc/preprocessor.c ===
cc: toolchain/cc/preprocessor.c:3: cannot find include file 'stdio.h'
=== toolchain/cc/types.c ===
cc: toolchain/cc/types.c:3: cannot find include file 'stdlib.h'
=== toolchain/ld/elf_reader.c ===
cc: toolchain/ld/elf_reader.c:4: cannot find include file 'stdio.h'
=== toolchain/ld/link_flat.c ===
cc: toolchain/ld/link_flat.c:4: cannot find include file 'stdio.h'
=== toolchain/ld/link_static_exec.c ===
cc: toolchain/ld/link_static_exec.c:4: cannot find include file 'stdio.h'
=== toolchain/ld/main.c ===
cc: toolchain/ld/main.c:4: cannot find include file 'stdio.h'

340	                arr->array_len = n;
341	                mt = arr;
342	            }
343	            member_t *m = calloc(1, sizeof(member_t));
344	            safe_strcpy(m->name, name, MAX_NAME);
345	            m->type = mt;
346	            if (tail) tail->next = m; else head = m;
347	            tail = m;
348	            if (!match(p, TK_COMMA)) break;
349	        }
350	        expect(p, TK_SEMI);
351	    }
352	    return head;
353	}
354	
355	static type_t *parse_param_list(parser_t *p, char names[][MAX_NAME], int *n_names) {
356	    type_t *head = NULL, *tail = NULL;
357	    int n = 0;
358	    if (check(p, TK_RPAREN)) return NULL;
359	    if (is_kw(p, "void") && p->toks[p->pos + 1].kind == TK_RPAREN) { advance(p); return NULL; }
360	    for (;;) {
361	        type_t *base = parse_type_spec(p, NULL, NULL);
362	        type_t *pt = base;
363	        char nm[MAX_NAME] = {0};
364	        while (match(p, TK_STAR)) pt = ptr_to(pt);
365	        if (check(p, TK_LPAREN) && p->toks[p->pos + 1].kind == TK_STAR) {
366	            /* function-pointer parameter: TYPE (*name)(PARAMS), e.g.
367	             * parse_binop_level's `ast_node_t *(*next)(parser_t *)` -
368	             * mirrors parse_declarator's identical form, duplicated here
369	             * (rather than delegating to it) because plain parameters in
370	             * this loop tolerate an unnamed parameter and parse_declarator
371	             * doesn't. */
372	            advance(p);
373	            expect(p, TK_STAR);
374	            if (check(p, TK_IDENT)) { safe_strcpy(nm, cur(p).text, MAX_NAME); advance(p); }
375	            expect(p, TK_RPAREN);
376	            expect(p, TK_LPAREN);
377	            type_t *functy = type_new(TY_FUNC);
378	            functy->base = pt;
379	            functy->param = parse_param_list(p, NULL, NULL);
380	            expect(p, TK_RPAREN);
381	            pt = ptr_to(functy);
382	        } else {
383	            if (check(p, TK_IDENT)) { safe_strcpy(nm, cur(p).text, MAX_NAME); advance(p); }
384	            while (match(p, TK_LBRACKET)) {
385	                if (!check(p, TK_RBRACKET)) advance(p);
386	                expect(p, TK_RBRACKET);
387	                pt = ptr_to(pt); /* array param decays to pointer */
388	            }
389	        }
390	        type_t *node = type_new(pt->kind);
391	        *node = *pt;
392	        node->next = NULL;
393	        if (tail) tail->next = node; else head = node;
394	        tail = node;
395	        if (names && n_names) safe_strcpy(names[n], nm, MAX_NAME);
396	        n++;
397	        if (!match(p, TK_COMMA)) break;
398	    }
399	    if (n_names) *n_names = n;
400	    return head;
401	}
402	
403	/* Parses a declarator (the part after the base type specifier) and
404	 * returns the full type, writing the declared name into name_out.
405	 * Scoped to what this codebase's declarators actually need (see
406	 * docs/toolchain.md): `*`-prefix pointers, `name`, `name[N]`/`name[]`,
407	 * `name(params)` (function), and the one parenthesized case,
408	 * `(*name)(params)` (function pointer) - not the fully general/
409	 * arbitrarily-nested C declarator grammar. */
410	static type_t *parse_declarator(parser_t *p, type_t *base, char *name_out,
411	                                  char param_names[][MAX_NAME], int *n_params) {
412	    while (match(p, TK_STAR)) base = ptr_to(base);
413	
414	    if (match(p, TK_LPAREN)) {
415	        expect(p, TK_STAR);
416	        token_t id = expect(p, TK_IDENT);
417	        safe_strcpy(name_out, id.text, MAX_NAME);
418	        expect(p, TK_RPAREN);
419	        expect(p, TK_LPAREN);
420	        type_t *functy = type_new(TY_FUNC);
421	        functy->base = base;
422	        functy->param = parse_param_list(p, param_names, n_params);
423	        expect(p, TK_RPAREN);
424	        return ptr_to(functy);
425	    }
426	
427	    token_t id = expect(p, TK_IDENT);
428	    safe_strcpy(name_out, id.text, MAX_NAME);
429	
430	    if (match(p, TK_LBRACKET)) {
431	        int n = -1;
432	        if (!check(p, TK_RBRACKET)) n = (int)parse_const_expr(p);
433	        expect(p, TK_RBRACKET);
434	        type_t *arr = type_new(TY_ARRAY);
435	        arr->base = base;
436	        arr->array_len = n;
437	        return arr;
438	    }
439	    if (match(p, TK_LPAREN)) {
440	        type_t *functy = type_new(TY_FUNC);
441	        functy->base = base;
442	        functy->param = parse_param_list(p, param_names, n_params);
443	        expect(p, TK_RPAREN);
444	        return functy;
445	    }
446	    return base;
447	}
448	
449	static type_t *parse_type_name(parser_t *p) {
450	    type_t *base = parse_type_spec(p, NULL, NULL);
451	    while (match(p, TK_STAR)) base = ptr_to(base);
452	    if (match(p, TK_LBRACKET)) {
453	        int n = -1;
454	        if (!check(p, TK_RBRACKET)) n = (int)parse_const_expr(p);
455	        expect(p, TK_RBRACKET);
456	        type_t *arr = type_new(TY_ARRAY);
457	        arr->base = base;
458	        arr->array_len = n;
459	        base = arr;

960	    n->is_extern_decl = is_extern;
961	    n->is_file_static = is_static;
962	    safe_strcpy(n->asm_label, name, MAX_NAME);
963	    if (match(p, TK_ASSIGN)) n->init = parse_initializer(p);
964	    /* `T name[] = { ... };` - array_len was left at -1 by parse_declarator
965	     * (no size between the brackets), and type_size() treats a non-
966	     * positive array_len as size 0 - silently making sizeof(name) come
967	     * out as 0 instead of the real, initializer-inferred length. Fix it
968	     * up now that the initializer list is available to count. */
969	    if (t->kind == TY_ARRAY && t->array_len < 0 && n->init && n->init->kind == ND_BLOCK) {
970	        int count = 0;
971	        for (node_t *v = n->init->list; v; v = v->next) count++;
972	        t->array_len = count;
973	    }
974	    return n;
975	}
976	
977	static node_t *parse_func(parser_t *p, const char *name, type_t *functy,
978	                            char param_names[][MAX_NAME], int n_params, int is_static) {
979	    sym_t *fs = add_global(p, name, functy);
980	
981	    if (match(p, TK_SEMI)) return NULL; /* prototype only */
982	
983	    p->locals = NULL;
984	    p->frame_size = 0;
985	    p->cur_func_ret = functy->base;
986	
987	    node_t *n = node_new(ND_FUNC_DEF);
988	    safe_strcpy(n->name, name, MAX_NAME);
989	    n->type = functy->base;
990	    n->is_global = !is_static; /* controls whether codegen emits `global` - C's static limits linkage */
991	    safe_strcpy(n->asm_label, name, MAX_NAME);
992	
993	    /* cdecl: EBP+8, +12, ... for params, in order - except when the
994	     * return type is a struct/union, which doesn't fit in EAX. That
995	     * uses the classic hidden-pointer convention instead: the caller
996	     * passes the address to write the result into as an implicit first
997	     * argument, at [ebp+8], pushing every real parameter's offset out
998	     * by 4 (see codegen.c's ND_RETURN and codegen_call_or_builtin). */
999	    int returns_struct = functy->base->kind == TY_STRUCT || functy->base->kind == TY_UNION;
1000	    type_t *pt = functy->param;
1001	    int off = returns_struct ? 12 : 8;
1002	    node_t *ptail = NULL;
1003	    for (int i = 0; i < n_params && pt; i++, pt = pt->next) {
1004	        sym_t *s = calloc(1, sizeof(sym_t));
1005	        safe_strcpy(s->name, param_names[i], MAX_NAME);
1006	        s->type = pt;
1007	        s->frame_offset = off;
1008	        s->next = p->locals;
1009	        p->locals = s;
1010	        /* Struct/union parameters are passed by value as their real
1011	         * (4-byte-rounded) size, not a flat 4 bytes like every scalar/
1012	         * pointer param - the caller copies the whole struct onto the
1013	         * stack (see codegen_call_or_builtin), so subsequent params'
1014	         * offsets need to account for its actual width. */
1015	        if (pt->kind == TY_STRUCT || pt->kind == TY_UNION) {
1016	            int sz = (type_size(pt) + 3) & ~3;
1017	            off += sz < 4 ? 4 : sz;
1018	        } else {
1019	            off += 4;
1020	        }
1021	
1022	        node_t *pn = node_new(ND_VAR_DECL);
1023	        safe_strcpy(pn->name, param_names[i], MAX_NAME);
1024	        pn->type = pt;
1025	        pn->frame_offset = s->frame_offset;
1026	        if (!n->list) n->list = pn; else ptail->next = pn;
1027	        ptail = pn;
1028	    }
1029	
1030	    n->b = parse_block(p);
1031	    n->num = p->frame_size;
1032	    fs->type = functy;
1033	    return n;
1034	}
1035	
1036	static node_t *parse_typedef(parser_t *p) {
1037	    advance(p); /* 'typedef' */
1038	    type_t *base = parse_type_spec(p, NULL, NULL);
1039	    char name[MAX_NAME];

355	static void codegen_call_or_builtin(node_t *n) {
356	    if (!n->is_indirect_call && builtin_emit_call(n->name, n->list, g_target, codegen_expr, out)) return;
357	
358	    int argc = 0;
359	    node_t *args[16];
360	    for (node_t *a = n->list; a; a = a->next) args[argc++] = a;
361	    int total_bytes = 0;
362	    for (int i = argc - 1; i >= 0; i--) {
363	        codegen_expr(args[i]);
364	        if (args[i]->type->kind == TY_STRUCT || args[i]->type->kind == TY_UNION) {
365	            /* Struct/union by value: codegen_expr already yields its
366	             * address (see load_value), not its bytes - copy the whole
367	             * thing onto the stack rather than pushing a 4-byte pointer,
368	             * matching parse_func's real-size parameter offsets. */
369	            int sz = type_size(args[i]->type);
370	            sz = (sz + 3) & ~3;
371	            if (sz < 4) sz = 4;
372	            out("    mov ecx, eax\n");   /* save src - sub esp doesn't touch ecx */
373	            out("    sub esp, %d\n", sz);
374	            out("    mov eax, ecx\n");     /* src */
375	            out("    mov ecx, esp\n");       /* dst = the space just reserved */
376	            codegen_struct_copy(args[i]->type);
377	            total_bytes += sz;
378	        } else {
379	            out("    push eax\n");
380	            total_bytes += 4;
381	        }
382	    }
383	    /* Struct/union return: pass the hidden temp slot's address (see
384	     * parse_primary's ND_CALL construction) as an implicit extra
385	     * argument, pushed last so it lands first from the callee's side
386	     * ([ebp+8] - matches parse_func's `returns_struct` offset shift). */
387	    int is_struct_return = n->type->kind == TY_STRUCT || n->type->kind == TY_UNION;
388	    if (is_struct_return) {
389	        out("    lea eax, [ebp%+lld]\n", (long long)n->num);
390	        out("    push eax\n");
391	        total_bytes += 4;
392	    }
393	    if (n->is_indirect_call) {
394	        /* Callee is a function-pointer variable (e.g. tinyfs_init's
395	         * read_fn/write_fn callbacks), not a directly callable symbol -
396	         * load its stored address (always a plain 4-byte pointer, so no
397	         * load_value/is_byte_type dance needed) and call through it.
398	         * Done last, after all args are already pushed, so this doesn't
399	         * need to protect eax from being clobbered by arg evaluation. */
400	        codegen_var_addr(n);
401	        out("    mov eax, [eax]\n");
402	        out("    call eax\n");
403	    } else {
404	        out("    call %s\n", n->name);
405	    }
406	    if (total_bytes) out("    add esp, %d\n", total_bytes);
407	    /* eax already holds the hidden slot's address on return (ND_RETURN
408	     * leaves it there) - exactly the "address of a struct-typed rvalue"
409	     * convention load_value/codegen_expr already use elsewhere, so
410	     * nothing further to do here for is_struct_return. */
411	}
412	
413	/* ---------------- statements ---------------- */
414	
415	static void codegen_stmt(node_t *n) {
416	    switch (n->kind) {
417	        case ND_BLOCK:
418	            for (node_t *s = n->list; s; s = s->next) codegen_stmt(s);
419	            return;
420	        case ND_EXPR_STMT:
421	            codegen_expr(n->a);
422	            return;
423	        case ND_VAR_DECL:
424	            if (n->is_static_local) return; /* emitted into .data/.bss separately */
425	            /* codegen_init_local handles both brace-init lists (e.g.
426	             * eval.c's `exec_result_t r = { EXEC_NORMAL, VAL_ZERO };`)
427	             * and plain scalar initializers - a bare `int x = 1;` is
428	             * just its one-element base case. */
429	            if (n->init) codegen_init_local(n->frame_offset, n->type, n->init);
430	            return;
431	        case ND_IF: {
432	            char lelse[MAX_NAME], lend[MAX_NAME];
433	            new_label(lelse); new_label(lend);
434	            codegen_expr(n->a);
435	            out("    cmp eax, 0\n    je %s\n", lelse);
436	            codegen_stmt(n->b);
437	            out("    jmp %s\n", lend);
438	            out("%s:\n", lelse);
439	            if (n->c) codegen_stmt(n->c);
440	            out("%s:\n", lend);
441	            return;
442	        }
443	        case ND_WHILE: {
444	            char ltop[MAX_NAME], lend[MAX_NAME];
445	            new_label(ltop); new_label(lend);
446	            loop_ctx_t lc = { "", "", g_loop };
447	            safe_strcpy(lc.break_label, lend, MAX_NAME);
448	            safe_strcpy(lc.continue_label, ltop, MAX_NAME);
449	            g_loop = &lc;
450	            out("%s:\n", ltop);
451	            codegen_expr(n->a);
452	            out("    cmp eax, 0\n    je %s\n", lend);
453	            codegen_stmt(n->b);
454	            out("    jmp %s\n%s:\n", ltop, lend);
455	            g_loop = lc.parent;
456	            return;
457	        }
458	        case ND_DOWHILE: {
459	            char ltop[MAX_NAME], lend[MAX_NAME], lcont[MAX_NAME];
460	            new_label(ltop); new_label(lend); new_label(lcont);
461	            loop_ctx_t lc = { "", "", g_loop };
462	            safe_strcpy(lc.break_label, lend, MAX_NAME);
463	            safe_strcpy(lc.continue_label, lcont, MAX_NAME);
464	            g_loop = &lc;
465	            out("%s:\n", ltop);
466	            codegen_stmt(n->b);
467	            out("%s:\n", lcont);
468	            codegen_expr(n->a);
469	            out("    cmp eax, 0\n    jne %s\n", ltop);
470	            out("%s:\n", lend);
471	            g_loop = lc.parent;
472	            return;
473	        }
474	        case ND_FOR: {
475	            char ltop[MAX_NAME], lend[MAX_NAME], lcont[MAX_NAME];
476	            new_label(ltop); new_label(lend); new_label(lcont);
477	            if (n->a) {
478	                if (n->a->kind == ND_VAR_DECL) {
479	                    for (node_t *d = n->a; d; d = d->next) codegen_stmt(d);
480	                } else {
481	                    codegen_expr(n->a);
482	                }
483	            }
484	            loop_ctx_t lc = { "", "", g_loop };
485	            safe_strcpy(lc.break_label, lend, MAX_NAME);
486	            safe_strcpy(lc.continue_label, lcont, MAX_NAME);
487	            g_loop = &lc;
488	            out("%s:\n", ltop);
489	            if (n->b) { codegen_expr(n->b); out("    cmp eax, 0\n    je %s\n", lend); }
490	            codegen_stmt(n->d);
491	            out("%s:\n", lcont);
492	            if (n->c) codegen_expr(n->c);
493	            out("    jmp %s\n%s:\n", ltop, lend);
494	            g_loop = lc.parent;

495	static node_t *make_str(parser_t *p, const char *text) {
496	    node_t *n = node_new(ND_STR);
497	    safe_strcpy(n->str, text, sizeof(n->str));
498	    snprintf(n->asm_label, MAX_NAME, "__str_%d", p->next_str_id++);
499	    type_t *arr = type_new(TY_ARRAY);
500	    arr->base = g_char_type;
501	    arr->array_len = (int)strlen(text) + 1;
502	    n->type = arr;
503	    return n;
504	}
505	
506	static member_t *find_member(type_t *st, const char *name) {
507	    for (member_t *m = st->members; m; m = m->next) if (strcmp(m->name, name) == 0) return m;
508	    return NULL;
509	}
510	
511	static node_t *parse_primary(parser_t *p) {
512	    if (check(p, TK_NUM)) { node_t *n = make_num(advance(p).num); return n; }
513	    if (check(p, TK_CHAR)) { node_t *n = make_num(advance(p).num); n->type = g_char_type; return n; }
514	    if (check(p, TK_STR)) { return make_str(p, advance(p).text); }
515	    if (check(p, TK_IDENT)) {
516	        char name[MAX_NAME];
517	        token_t ident_tok = advance(p);
518	        safe_strcpy(name, ident_tok.text, MAX_NAME);
519	        if (check(p, TK_LPAREN)) {
520	            advance(p);
521	            node_t *call = node_new(ND_CALL);
522	            safe_strcpy(call->name, name, MAX_NAME);
523	            node_t *tail = NULL;
524	            while (!check(p, TK_RPAREN)) {
525	                node_t *arg = parse_assign(p);
526	                if (!call->list) call->list = arg; else tail->next = arg;
527	                tail = arg;
528	                if (!match(p, TK_COMMA)) break;
529	            }
530	            expect(p, TK_RPAREN);
531	            sym_t *fs = sym_find_global(p, name);
532	            call->type = (fs && fs->type->kind == TY_FUNC) ? fs->type->base : g_int_type;
533	            if (!(fs && fs->type->kind == TY_FUNC)) {
534	                /* Not a directly-defined function - if it resolves to a
535	                 * variable (local or global) instead, this is a call
536	                 * through a function-pointer value (e.g. tinyfs_init's
537	                 * read_fn/write_fn callbacks), not a direct `call name`.
538	                 * Locate the pointer the same way an ordinary variable
539	                 * reference would (see resolve_ident/codegen_addr) so
540	                 * codegen can load its value and `call eax`. */
541	                sym_t *vs = sym_find(p, name);
542	                if (vs && vs->type->kind == TY_PTR && vs->type->base->kind == TY_FUNC) {
543	                    call->is_indirect_call = 1;
544	                    call->is_global = vs->is_global;
545	                    call->is_static_local = vs->is_static_local;
546	                    call->frame_offset = vs->frame_offset;
547	                    safe_strcpy(call->asm_label, vs->asm_label, MAX_NAME);
548	                    call->type = vs->type->base->base;
549	                }
550	            }
551	            /* Struct/union-returning call: needs a hidden temp slot in
552	             * *this* function's frame to hold the result (the callee
553	             * writes into it via a hidden pointer argument - see
554	             * parse_func/codegen.c's ND_RETURN). Stashed in call->num
555	             * (unused by ND_CALL otherwise) rather than
556	             * call->frame_offset, which is_indirect_call above may
557	             * already be using for the callee variable's own location. */
558	            if (call->type->kind == TY_STRUCT || call->type->kind == TY_UNION) {
559	                p->frame_size += type_size(call->type);
560	                p->frame_size = (p->frame_size + 3) & ~3;
561	                call->num = -p->frame_size;
562	            }
563	            return call;
564	        }

600	            n = mem;
601	        } else if (match(p, TK_ARROW)) {
602	            token_t id = expect(p, TK_IDENT);
603	            member_t *m = find_member(n->type->base, id.text);
604	            if (!m) { perr(p, "no such member"); return n; }
605	            node_t *mem = node_new(ND_ARROW);
606	            mem->a = n;
607	            safe_strcpy(mem->name, id.text, MAX_NAME);
608	            mem->type = m->type;
609	            mem->num = m->offset;
610	            n = mem;
611	        } else if (match(p, TK_INC)) {
612	            node_t *pi = node_new(ND_POSTINC); pi->a = n; pi->type = n->type; n = pi;
613	        } else if (match(p, TK_DEC)) {
614	            node_t *pd = node_new(ND_POSTDEC); pd->a = n; pd->type = n->type; n = pd;
615	        } else break;
616	    }
617	    return n;
618	}
619	
620	static int looks_like_type_name(parser_t *p) {
621	    /* Used after '(' inside unary() to disambiguate a cast from a
622	     * parenthesized expression. */
623	    return is_type_start(p);
624	}
625	
626	static node_t *parse_unary(parser_t *p) {
627	    if (match(p, TK_PLUS)) return parse_cast(p);
628	    if (match(p, TK_MINUS)) { node_t *n = node_new(ND_UNARY_MINUS); n->a = parse_cast(p); n->type = n->a->type; return n; }
629	    if (match(p, TK_NOT)) { node_t *n = node_new(ND_NOT); n->a = parse_cast(p); n->type = g_int_type; return n; }
630	    if (match(p, TK_TILDE)) { node_t *n = node_new(ND_BITNOT); n->a = parse_cast(p); n->type = n->a->type; return n; }
631	    if (match(p, TK_AMP)) { node_t *n = node_new(ND_ADDR); n->a = parse_cast(p); n->type = ptr_to(n->a->type); return n; }
632	    if (match(p, TK_STAR)) {
633	        node_t *n = node_new(ND_DEREF);
634	        n->a = parse_cast(p);
635	        n->type = decay(n->a->type)->base;
636	        return n;
637	    }
638	    if (match(p, TK_INC)) { node_t *n = node_new(ND_PREINC); n->a = parse_unary(p); n->type = n->a->type; return n; }
639	    if (match(p, TK_DEC)) { node_t *n = node_new(ND_PREDEC); n->a = parse_unary(p); n->type = n->a->type; return n; }
640	    if (is_kw(p, "sizeof")) {
641	        advance(p);
642	        if (check(p, TK_LPAREN) && (p->toks[p->pos + 1].kind == TK_IDENT) ) {
643	            /* could be sizeof(type) or sizeof(expr) - peek for a type start */
644	            int save = p->pos;
645	            advance(p);
646	            if (looks_like_type_name(p)) {
647	                type_t *t = parse_type_name(p);
648	                expect(p, TK_RPAREN);
649	                return make_num(type_size(t));
650	            }
651	            p->pos = save;
652	        }
653	        node_t *operand = parse_unary(p);
654	        return make_num(type_size(operand->type));
655	    }
656	    return parse_postfix(p);
657	}
658	
659	static node_t *parse_cast(parser_t *p) {
660	    if (check(p, TK_LPAREN)) {
661	        int save = p->pos;
662	        advance(p);
663	        if (looks_like_type_name(p)) {
664	            type_t *t = parse_type_name(p);
665	            expect(p, TK_RPAREN);
666	            node_t *n = node_new(ND_CAST);
667	            n->a = parse_cast(p);
668	            n->type = t;
669	            return n;
670	        }
671	        p->pos = save;
672	    }
673	    return parse_unary(p);
674	}
675	
676	static int is_ptr(type_t *t) { return t->kind == TY_PTR || t->kind == TY_ARRAY; }
677	
678	static node_t *make_binop(tok_kind_t op, node_t *a, node_t *b) {
679	    node_t *n = node_new(ND_BINOP);

564	        }
565	        return resolve_ident(p, name, ident_tok);
566	    }
567	    if (match(p, TK_LPAREN)) {
568	        node_t *n = parse_expr(p);
569	        expect(p, TK_RPAREN);
570	        return n;
571	    }
572	    perr(p, "expected expression");
573	    return make_num(0);
574	}
575	
576	static node_t *parse_postfix(parser_t *p) {
577	    node_t *n = parse_primary(p);
578	    for (;;) {
579	        if (match(p, TK_LBRACKET)) {
580	            node_t *idx = parse_expr(p);
581	            expect(p, TK_RBRACKET);
582	            node_t *add = node_new(ND_BINOP);
583	            add->op = TK_PLUS;
584	            add->a = n;
585	            add->b = idx;
586	            add->type = decay(n->type);
587	            node_t *deref = node_new(ND_DEREF);
588	            deref->a = add;
589	            deref->type = add->type->base;
590	            n = deref;
591	        } else if (match(p, TK_DOT)) {
592	            token_t id = expect(p, TK_IDENT);
593	            member_t *m = find_member(n->type, id.text);
594	            if (!m) { perr(p, "no such member"); return n; }
595	            node_t *mem = node_new(ND_MEMBER);
596	            mem->a = n;
597	            safe_strcpy(mem->name, id.text, MAX_NAME);
598	            mem->type = m->type;
599	            mem->num = m->offset;
600	            n = mem;
601	        } else if (match(p, TK_ARROW)) {
602	            token_t id = expect(p, TK_IDENT);
603	            member_t *m = find_member(n->type->base, id.text);

476	    n->num = v;
477	    n->type = g_int_type;
478	    return n;
479	}
480	
481	static node_t *resolve_ident(parser_t *p, const char *name, token_t at) {
482	    sym_t *s = sym_find(p, name);
483	    if (!s) { perr_at(p, at, "undeclared identifier"); return make_num(0); }
484	    if (s->is_enum_const) return make_num(s->enum_value);
485	    node_t *n = node_new(ND_VAR);
486	    safe_strcpy(n->name, name, MAX_NAME);
487	    n->type = s->type;
488	    n->is_global = s->is_global;
489	    n->is_static_local = s->is_static_local;
490	    n->frame_offset = s->frame_offset;
491	    safe_strcpy(n->asm_label, s->asm_label, MAX_NAME);
492	    return n;
493	}
494	
495	static node_t *make_str(parser_t *p, const char *text) {
496	    node_t *n = node_new(ND_STR);
497	    safe_strcpy(n->str, text, sizeof(n->str));
498	    snprintf(n->asm_label, MAX_NAME, "__str_%d", p->next_str_id++);
499	    type_t *arr = type_new(TY_ARRAY);
500	    arr->base = g_char_type;
501	    arr->array_len = (int)strlen(text) + 1;
502	    n->type = arr;
503	    return n;
504	}
505	
506	static member_t *find_member(type_t *st, const char *name) {
507	    for (member_t *m = st->members; m; m = m->next) if (strcmp(m->name, name) == 0) return m;
508	    return NULL;
509	}
510	
511	static node_t *parse_primary(parser_t *p) {

676	static int is_ptr(type_t *t) { return t->kind == TY_PTR || t->kind == TY_ARRAY; }
677	
678	static node_t *make_binop(tok_kind_t op, node_t *a, node_t *b) {
679	    node_t *n = node_new(ND_BINOP);
680	    n->op = op;
681	    n->a = a;
682	    n->b = b;
683	    type_t *at = decay(a->type), *bt = decay(b->type);
684	    if ((op == TK_PLUS || op == TK_MINUS) && is_ptr(at)) n->type = at;
685	    else if (op == TK_PLUS && is_ptr(bt)) n->type = bt;
686	    else n->type = g_int_type;
687	    return n;
688	}
689	
690	static node_t *parse_binop_level(parser_t *p, node_t *(*next)(parser_t *), const tok_kind_t *ops, int nops) {
691	    node_t *n = next(p);
692	    for (;;) {
693	        int matched = 0;
694	        for (int i = 0; i < nops; i++) {
695	            if (check(p, ops[i])) {
696	                tok_kind_t op = advance(p).kind;
697	                n = make_binop(op, n, next(p));
698	                matched = 1;
699	                break;
700	            }
701	        }
702	        if (!matched) return n;
703	    }
704	}
705	
706	static node_t *parse_mul(parser_t *p) { static const tok_kind_t o[] = {TK_STAR, TK_SLASH, TK_PERCENT}; return parse_binop_level(p, parse_cast, o, 3); }
707	static node_t *parse_add(parser_t *p) { static const tok_kind_t o[] = {TK_PLUS, TK_MINUS}; return parse_binop_level(p, parse_mul, o, 2); }
708	static node_t *parse_shift(parser_t *p) { static const tok_kind_t o[] = {TK_SHL, TK_SHR}; return parse_binop_level(p, parse_add, o, 2); }
709	static node_t *parse_rel(parser_t *p) { static const tok_kind_t o[] = {TK_LT, TK_LE, TK_GT, TK_GE}; return parse_binop_level(p, parse_shift, o, 4); }
710	static node_t *parse_eq(parser_t *p) { static const tok_kind_t o[] = {TK_EQ, TK_NEQ}; return parse_binop_level(p, parse_rel, o, 2); }
711	static node_t *parse_bitand(parser_t *p) { static const tok_kind_t o[] = {TK_AMP}; return parse_binop_level(p, parse_eq, o, 1); }
712	static node_t *parse_bitxor(parser_t *p) { static const tok_kind_t o[] = {TK_CARET}; return parse_binop_level(p, parse_bitand, o, 1); }
713	static node_t *parse_bitor(parser_t *p) { static const tok_kind_t o[] = {TK_PIPE}; return parse_binop_level(p, parse_bitxor, o, 1); }
714	
715	static node_t *parse_logand(parser_t *p) {
716	    node_t *n = parse_bitor(p);
717	    while (match(p, TK_AND)) { node_t *r = parse_bitor(p); node_t *a = node_new(ND_LOGAND); a->a = n; a->b = r; a->type = g_int_type; n = a; }
718	    return n;
719	}
720	static node_t *parse_logor(parser_t *p) {
721	    node_t *n = parse_logand(p);
722	    while (match(p, TK_OR)) { node_t *r = parse_logand(p); node_t *o = node_new(ND_LOGOR); o->a = n; o->b = r; o->type = g_int_type; n = o; }
723	    return n;
724	}
725	
726	static node_t *parse_ternary(parser_t *p) {
727	    node_t *cond = parse_logor(p);
728	    if (match(p, TK_QUESTION)) {
729	        node_t *t = node_new(ND_TERNARY);
730	        t->a = cond;
731	        t->b = parse_expr(p);
732	        expect(p, TK_COLON);
733	        t->c = parse_assign(p);
734	        t->type = t->b->type;
735	        return t;
736	    }
737	    return cond;
738	}
739	
740	static int is_assign_op(tok_kind_t k) {
741	    return k == TK_ASSIGN || k == TK_PLUSEQ || k == TK_MINUSEQ || k == TK_STAREQ || k == TK_SLASHEQ ||
742	           k == TK_PERCENTEQ || k == TK_ANDEQ || k == TK_OREQ || k == TK_XOREQ || k == TK_SHLEQ || k == TK_SHREQ;
743	}
744	
745	static node_t *parse_assign(parser_t *p) {
746	    node_t *lhs = parse_ternary(p);
747	    if (is_assign_op(cur(p).kind)) {
748	        tok_kind_t op = advance(p).kind;
749	        node_t *rhs = parse_assign(p);
750	        if (op == TK_ASSIGN) {
751	            node_t *n = node_new(ND_ASSIGN);
752	            n->a = lhs; n->b = rhs; n->type = lhs->type;
753	            return n;
754	        }
755	        node_t *n = node_new(ND_COMPOUND_ASSIGN);
756	        n->op = op;
757	        n->a = lhs; n->b = rhs; n->type = lhs->type;
758	        return n;
759	    }
760	    return lhs;
761	}
762	
763	/* The comma *operator* (evaluate left, discard, evaluate right - e.g. a
764	 * for-loop increment clause like `pn = pn->next, i++`), distinct from
765	 * comma as a plain separator (call args, declarator lists, initializer

#include "cc.h"

#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdarg.h>
#include <string.h>
#include <stdlib.h>

/* Naive, non-optimizing codegen: every intermediate expression value
 * lives in EAX; binary operators spill the left operand to the real
 * machine stack (push/pop) while the right operand is computed - no
 * register allocation. Emits AS-syntax assembly text (mirrors
 * `gcc -S | as`). See docs/toolchain.md for the calling convention and
 * builtin mechanism. */

static FILE *g_out;
static cc_target_t g_target;
static int g_label_id;
static char g_cur_func[MAX_NAME];

typedef struct loop_ctx {
    char break_label[MAX_NAME];
    char continue_label[MAX_NAME];
    struct loop_ctx *parent;
} loop_ctx_t;
static loop_ctx_t *g_loop;

static void out(const char *fmt, ...) {
    va_list ap;
    va_start(ap, fmt);
    vfprintf(g_out, fmt, ap);
    va_end(ap);
}

static void new_label(char *buf) {
    snprintf(buf, MAX_NAME, ".L%d", g_label_id++);
}

static void codegen_expr(node_t *n);
static void codegen_addr(node_t *n);
static void codegen_stmt(node_t *n);

180	static type_t *parse_type_spec(parser_t *p, int *is_static, int *is_extern) {
181	    int saw_void = 0, saw_char = 0, saw_short = 0, saw_int = 0, saw_long = 0, saw_unsigned = 0, saw_signed = 0;
182	    type_t *named = NULL;
183	    if (is_static) *is_static = 0;
184	    if (is_extern) *is_extern = 0;
185	
186	    for (;;) {
187	        if (match_kw(p, "static")) { if (is_static) *is_static = 1; continue; }
188	        if (match_kw(p, "extern")) { if (is_extern) *is_extern = 1; continue; }
189	        if (match_kw(p, "const") || match_kw(p, "volatile") || match_kw(p, "inline")) continue;
190	        if (match_kw(p, "void")) { saw_void = 1; continue; }
191	        if (match_kw(p, "char")) { saw_char = 1; continue; }
192	        if (match_kw(p, "short")) { saw_short = 1; continue; }
193	        if (match_kw(p, "int")) { saw_int = 1; continue; }
194	        /* long == int on this 32-bit target (both 4 bytes) - no `long
195	         * long`/`unsigned long` anywhere in the codebase (see
196	         * docs/toolchain.md), so a same-size alias is enough. */
197	        if (match_kw(p, "long")) { saw_long = 1; continue; }
198	        if (match_kw(p, "signed")) { saw_signed = 1; continue; }
199	        if (match_kw(p, "unsigned")) { saw_unsigned = 1; continue; }
200	        if (is_kw(p, "struct") || is_kw(p, "union")) {
201	            int is_union = is_kw(p, "union");
202	            advance(p);
203	            char tagname[MAX_NAME] = {0};
204	            if (check(p, TK_IDENT)) { safe_strcpy(tagname, cur(p).text, MAX_NAME); advance(p); }
205	            type_t *st;
206	            tag_t *existing = tagname[0] ? tag_find(p, tagname) : NULL;
207	            if (check(p, TK_LBRACE)) {
208	                advance(p);
209	                /* Reuse the existing (possibly still-incomplete, from an
210	                 * earlier forward declaration) type_t instance rather than
211	                 * allocating a new one, so any typedef/pointer that
212	                 * already captured its address sees the real members once
213	                 * this definition completes it - see the forward-decl
214	                 * branch below. */
215	                st = existing ? existing->type : type_new(is_union ? TY_UNION : TY_STRUCT);
216	                safe_strcpy(st->tag, tagname, MAX_NAME);
217	                /* Register the tag *before* parsing the body, not after -
218	                 * a self-referential member (`struct node *next;` inside
219	                 * `struct node { ... }`) needs to find its own tag while
220	                 * still inside its own member list. */
221	                if (tagname[0] && !existing) {
222	                    tag_t *tg = calloc(1, sizeof(tag_t));
223	                    safe_strcpy(tg->name, tagname, MAX_NAME);
224	                    tg->type = st;

toolchain/cc/lexer.c:106:            t.num = strtoll(p + 2, NULL, 16);
toolchain/cc/lexer.c:108:            t.num = strtoll(p, NULL, 10);
---
#include "string.h"

#include <stdint.h>

void *memcpy(void *dst, const void *src, size_t n) {
    uint8_t *d = dst;
    const uint8_t *s = src;
    for (size_t i = 0; i < n; i++) {
        d[i] = s[i];
    }
    return dst;
}

void *memset(void *dst, int val, size_t n) {
    uint8_t *d = dst;
    for (size_t i = 0; i < n; i++) {
        d[i] = (uint8_t)val;
    }
    return dst;
}

size_t strlen(const char *s) {
    size_t n = 0;
    while (s[n]) {
        n++;
    }
    return n;
}

int strcmp(const char *a, const char *b) {
    while (*a && (*a == *b)) {
        a++;
        b++;
    }
    return (unsigned char)*a - (unsigned char)*b;
}

char *strchr(const char *s, int c) {
    while (*s) {
        if (*s == (char)c) {
            return (char *)s;
        }
        s++;
    }
    return c == '\0' ? (char *)s : NULL;
}

char *itoa(int value, char *buf, int base) {
    char tmp[34];
    int i = 0;
    int negative = (base == 10 && value < 0);
    unsigned int uval = negative ? (unsigned int)(-value) : (unsigned int)value;

    if (uval == 0) {
        tmp[i++] = '0';
    }
    while (uval) {
        int digit = (int)(uval % (unsigned int)base);
        tmp[i++] = (char)(digit < 10 ? '0' + digit : 'a' + (digit - 10));
        uval /= (unsigned int)base;
--- string.h ---
#pragma once

#include <stddef.h>

void *memcpy(void *dst, const void *src, size_t n);
void *memset(void *dst, int val, size_t n);
size_t strlen(const char *s);
int strcmp(const char *a, const char *b);
char *strchr(const char *s, int c);

/* Writes the decimal (base 10) or hex (base 16) representation of value
 * into buf (caller-provided, must be large enough) and returns buf. */
char *itoa(int value, char *buf, int base);

1	#pragma once
2	/* CC: the self-hosted C compiler. See docs/toolchain.md for the "tinyC"
3	 * dialect this supports and why. Emits AS-syntax assembly text (mirrors
4	 * `gcc -S | as`), for two targets: --target=kernel (freestanding, no
5	 * runtime) and --target=host (adds a _start that calls main then exits
6	 * via a raw syscall - see builtins.c). Native host tool, not OS code. */
7	
8	#include <stdint.h>
9	#include <stddef.h>
10	
11	static inline void safe_strcpy(char *dst, const char *src, size_t dstsize) {
12	    size_t i = 0;
13	    for (; i + 1 < dstsize && src[i]; i++) dst[i] = src[i];
14	    dst[i] = '\0';
15	}
16	
17	#define MAX_NAME 64
18	#define MAX_TOKENS 65536
19	#define MAX_INCLUDE_DEPTH 16
20	
21	/* ---------------- lexer ---------------- */
22	
23	typedef enum {
24	    TK_EOF, TK_IDENT, TK_NUM, TK_STR, TK_CHAR,
25	    /* punctuation/operators */
26	    TK_LPAREN, TK_RPAREN, TK_LBRACE, TK_RBRACE, TK_LBRACKET, TK_RBRACKET,
27	    TK_SEMI, TK_COMMA, TK_COLON, TK_QUESTION, TK_DOT, TK_ARROW,
28	    TK_PLUS, TK_MINUS, TK_STAR, TK_SLASH, TK_PERCENT,
29	    TK_ASSIGN, TK_PLUSEQ, TK_MINUSEQ, TK_STAREQ, TK_SLASHEQ, TK_PERCENTEQ,
30	    TK_ANDEQ, TK_OREQ, TK_XOREQ, TK_SHLEQ, TK_SHREQ,
31	    TK_EQ, TK_NEQ, TK_LT, TK_LE, TK_GT, TK_GE,
32	    TK_AND, TK_OR, TK_NOT, TK_AMP, TK_PIPE, TK_CARET, TK_TILDE,
33	    TK_SHL, TK_SHR, TK_INC, TK_DEC,
34	    /* preprocessor-only (consumed by the preprocessor, never reach the parser) */
35	    TK_HASH, TK_NEWLINE,
36	} tok_kind_t;
37	
38	typedef struct {
39	    tok_kind_t kind;
40	    char text[256];  /* TK_IDENT / TK_STR (decoded) */

toolchain/as/lexer.c:33:static int64_t parse_number(const char *text, int len) {
toolchain/as/lexer.c:35:        int64_t v = 0;
toolchain/as/lexer.c:51:            int64_t v = 0;
toolchain/as/lexer.c:58:    int64_t v = 0;
toolchain/as/parser.c:106:    int64_t val; /* constant, or addend when has_sym */
toolchain/as/parser.c:109:static value_t val_const(int64_t v) { value_t r = {0, {0}, v}; return r; }
toolchain/as/parser.c:141:                int64_t diff = (int64_t)sa->offset - (int64_t)sb->offset;
toolchain/as/parser.c:177:        return val_const((int64_t)ps->offsets[ps->cur_section]);
toolchain/as/as.h:43:    int64_t equ_value;  /* valid if is_equ */
toolchain/as/as.h:72:    int64_t disp;          /* constant part; for OPND_IMM with no symbol, this is the whole value */
toolchain/as/as.h:74:    int64_t far_seg;         /* OPND_FAR only: segment selector constant part */
toolchain/as/as.h:130:    int64_t number;
toolchain/cc/cc.h:41:    int64_t num;       /* TK_NUM / TK_CHAR */
toolchain/cc/cc.h:138:    int64_t num;
toolchain/cc/parser.c:18:    int64_t enum_value;
toolchain/cc/parser.c:136:static int64_t eval_const_node(parser_t *p, node_t *n) {
toolchain/cc/parser.c:143:            int64_t l = eval_const_node(p, n->a), r = eval_const_node(p, n->b);
toolchain/cc/parser.c:163:static int64_t parse_const_expr(parser_t *p) {
toolchain/cc/parser.c:276:                int64_t val = 0;
toolchain/cc/parser.c:483:static node_t *make_num(int64_t v) {
toolchain/as/encode.c:71:static int64_t resolve_abs(asm_ctx_t *ctx, int is_bin, const char *sym, int64_t disp,
toolchain/as/encode.c:81:        return (int64_t)ctx->org + (int64_t)s->offset + disp;
toolchain/as/encode.c:103:static int64_t resolve_pcrel(asm_ctx_t *ctx, int is_bin, const char *sym, int64_t disp,
toolchain/as/encode.c:104:                               section_kind_t cur_sec, int64_t next_ip_rel,
toolchain/as/encode.c:111:        int64_t next_ip = is_bin ? (int64_t)ctx->org + next_ip_rel : next_ip_rel;
toolchain/as/encode.c:120:        int64_t target = (int64_t)ctx->org + (int64_t)s->offset + disp;
toolchain/as/encode.c:121:        int64_t next_ip = (int64_t)ctx->org + next_ip_rel;
toolchain/as/encode.c:125:        return ((int64_t)s->offset + disp) - next_ip_rel;
toolchain/as/encode.c:187:    int64_t addr = resolve_abs(ctx, is_bin, rm->sym, rm->disp, patch_sec, patch_off, strict);
toolchain/as/encode.c:218:        int64_t v = a->has_sym
toolchain/as/encode.c:228:        for (int64_t i = 0; i < a->disp; i++) e8(&e, 0);
toolchain/as/encode.c:233:        for (int64_t i = 0; i < a->disp; i++) e8(&e, (uint8_t)b->disp);
toolchain/as/encode.c:257:                int64_t v = b->has_sym
toolchain/as/encode.c:338:            int64_t v = b->has_sym ? resolve_abs(ctx, is_bin, b->sym, b->disp, st->section, st->offset + 1, strict) : b->disp;
toolchain/as/encode.c:344:            int64_t v = b->has_sym ? resolve_abs(ctx, is_bin, b->sym, b->disp, st->section, st->offset + 1, strict) : b->disp;
toolchain/as/encode.c:351:            int64_t v = b->has_sym ? resolve_abs(ctx, is_bin, b->sym, b->disp, st->section, st->offset + 2, strict) : b->disp;
toolchain/as/encode.c:357:            int64_t v = b->has_sym
toolchain/as/encode.c:416:            int64_t v = b->has_sym ? resolve_abs(ctx, is_bin, b->sym, b->disp, st->section, st->offset + (uint32_t)e.len + 2, strict) : b->disp;
toolchain/as/encode.c:424:            int64_t v = b->has_sym ? resolve_abs(ctx, is_bin, b->sym, b->disp, st->section, st->offset + (uint32_t)e.len + 4, strict) : b->disp;
toolchain/as/encode.c:468:                int64_t v = b->has_sym
toolchain/as/encode.c:495:        int64_t v = c->has_sym
toolchain/as/encode.c:584:            int64_t rel = resolve_pcrel(ctx, is_bin, a->sym, a->disp, st->section,
toolchain/as/encode.c:585:                                          (int64_t)st->offset + 4, st->section, st->offset + 2, strict, 2);
toolchain/as/encode.c:589:            int64_t rel = resolve_pcrel(ctx, is_bin, a->sym, a->disp, st->section,
toolchain/as/encode.c:590:                                          (int64_t)st->offset + 6, st->section, st->offset + 2, strict, 4);
toolchain/as/encode.c:599:        int64_t rel = resolve_pcrel(ctx, is_bin, a->sym, a->disp, st->section,
toolchain/as/encode.c:600:                                      (int64_t)st->offset + 6, st->section, st->offset + 2, strict, 4);
toolchain/as/encode.c:619:            int64_t off = resolve_abs(ctx, is_bin, a->sym, a->disp, st->section, off_patch_off, strict);
toolchain/as/encode.c:621:            int64_t seg = a->far_seg_has_sym
toolchain/as/encode.c:629:            int64_t rel = resolve_pcrel(ctx, is_bin, a->sym, a->disp, st->section,
toolchain/as/encode.c:630:                                          (int64_t)st->offset + 3, st->section, st->offset + 1, strict, 2);
toolchain/as/encode.c:634:            int64_t rel = resolve_pcrel(ctx, is_bin, a->sym, a->disp, st->section,
toolchain/as/encode.c:635:                                          (int64_t)st->offset + 5, st->section, st->offset + 1, strict, 4);
toolchain/as/encode.c:652:            int64_t rel = resolve_pcrel(ctx, is_bin, a->sym, a->disp, st->section,
toolchain/as/encode.c:653:                                          (int64_t)st->offset + 3, st->section, st->offset + 1, strict, 2);
toolchain/as/encode.c:657:            int64_t rel = resolve_pcrel(ctx, is_bin, a->sym, a->disp, st->section,
toolchain/as/encode.c:658:                                          (int64_t)st->offset + 5, st->section, st->offset + 1, strict, 4);
toolchain/as/encode.c:667:            int64_t v = a->has_sym ? resolve_abs(ctx, is_bin, a->sym, a->disp, st->section, st->offset + 1, strict) : a->disp;

=== as/elf_writer.c:82 ===
    static strtab_builder_t strtab;
    memset(&strtab, 0, sizeof(strtab));
    static int sym_elf_index[MAX_SYMS];

    symtab[nsym++] = (Elf32_Sym){0}; /* index 0: null symbol */

    for (int pass = 0; pass < 2; pass++) { /* pass 0 = locals, pass 1 = globals */
        for (int i = 0; i < ctx->nsyms; i++) {
            symbol_t *s = &ctx->syms[i];
=== as/parser.c:36 ===
} line_t;

static token_t line_peek(line_t *ln) {
    if (ln->pos < ln->n) return ln->toks[ln->pos];
    return (token_t){ .kind = TK_EOF };
}
static token_t line_next(line_t *ln) {
    token_t t = line_peek(ln);
    if (ln->pos < ln->n) ln->pos++;
=== cc/codegen.c:655 ===
}

extern int is_builtin_name(const char *name);

#define MAX_EXTERNS 64
static char g_externs[MAX_EXTERNS][MAX_NAME];
static int g_n_externs;

static int already_extern(const char *name) {
    for (int i = 0; i < g_n_externs; i++) if (strcmp(g_externs[i], name) == 0) return 1;
    return 0;
=== cc/parser.c:1144 ===
        } else {
            int is_static = 0, is_extern = 0;
            type_t *base = parse_type_spec(&p, &is_static, &is_extern);
            if (match(&p, TK_SEMI)) {
                decl = node_new(ND_NOP); /* lone `struct Foo { ... };` with no variable */
            } else {
                char param_names[16][MAX_NAME];
                int n_params = 0;
                char name[MAX_NAME];
                type_t *t = parse_declarator(&p, base, name, param_names, &n_params);
                if (t->kind == TY_FUNC) {
=== cc/preprocessor.c:23 ===
} macro_t;

static macro_t g_macros[MAX_MACROS];
static int g_n_macros = 0;

static char g_pragma_once_files[MAX_PRAGMA_ONCE][512];
static int g_n_pragma_once = 0;

static macro_t *macro_find(const char *name) {
    for (int i = 0; i < g_n_macros; i++) {
        if (strcmp(g_macros[i].name, name) == 0) return &g_macros[i];
=== ld/link_flat.c:105 ===
    int shidx_shstrtab = nsh++;
    uint32_t name_shstrtab = strtab_add(&shstrtab, ".shstrtab");

    static Elf32_Sym symtab[MAX_OUT_SYMS + 1];
    int nsym = 0;
    symtab[nsym++] = (Elf32_Sym){0};
    for (int i = 0; i < ctx->n_out_syms; i++) {
        out_symbol_t *s = &ctx->out_syms[i];
        Elf32_Sym sym = {0};
        sym.st_name = strtab_add(&strtab, s->name);
        sym.st_info = (unsigned char)elf32_st_info(STB_GLOBAL, STT_NOTYPE);

toolchain/cc/main.c:49:    if (parse_only) {
toolchain/as/elf_writer.c:82:    symtab[nsym++] = (Elf32_Sym){0}; /* index 0: null symbol */
toolchain/cc/codegen.c:159:        if (a_is_ptr) {
toolchain/cc/codegen.c:388:    if (is_struct_return) {
toolchain/cc/codegen.c:796:    if (g_n_strings) {
toolchain/cc/codegen.c:827:    if (any_data) {
toolchain/cc/codegen.c:850:    if (any_bss) {
toolchain/as/parser.c:36:    return (token_t){ .kind = TK_EOF };
toolchain/as/parser.c:137:        if (negate_b) {
toolchain/as/parser.c:248:        if (r) { o.reg = r->reg; line_next(ln); }
toolchain/as/parser.c:292:        if (r) {
toolchain/as/lexer.c:50:        if (all01) {
toolchain/cc/preprocessor.c:78:    if (is_quote) {
toolchain/cc/preprocessor.c:81:        if (f) { fclose(f); safe_strcpy(out, cand, outsz); return 1; }
toolchain/cc/preprocessor.c:86:        if (f) { fclose(f); safe_strcpy(out, cand, outsz); return 1; }
toolchain/cc/preprocessor.c:202:            if (m) {
toolchain/hostlib/stdio.c:54:            while (uv) { tmp[ti++] = (char)('0' + uv % 10); uv /= 10; }
toolchain/hostlib/stdio.c:55:            if (neg) { if (o + 1 < bufsize) buf[o] = '-'; o++; }
toolchain/hostlib/stdio.c:56:            else if (plus) { if (o + 1 < bufsize) buf[o] = '+'; o++; }
toolchain/hostlib/stdio.c:63:            while (v) { tmp[ti++] = (char)('0' + v % 10); v /= 10; }
toolchain/cc/parser.c:107:    if (is_static) {
toolchain/cc/parser.c:242:            } else if (existing) {
toolchain/cc/parser.c:1162:        if (decl) {
toolchain/cc/lexer.c:57:    switch (c) {
toolchain/cc/lexer.c:188:    switch (c) {
toolchain/ld/main.c:156:    if (flat_mode) {
toolchain/ld/main.c:166:    if (flat_mode) {
toolchain/as/encode.c:8:    switch (r) {
toolchain/as/encode.c:76:    if (is_bin) {
toolchain/as/encode.c:78:            if (strict) { fprintf(stderr, "as: undefined symbol '%s'\n", sym); exit(1); }
toolchain/as/encode.c:89:    if (strict) {
toolchain/as/encode.c:115:    if (is_bin) {
toolchain/as/encode.c:117:            if (strict) { fprintf(stderr, "as: undefined symbol '%s'\n", sym); exit(1); }
toolchain/as/encode.c:132:    if (strict) {
toolchain/ld/link_flat.c:105:    symtab[nsym++] = (Elf32_Sym){0};

1	#include "as.h"
2	
3	#include <stdio.h>
4	#include <stdlib.h>
5	#include <string.h>
6	#include <ctype.h>
7	
8	symbol_t *sym_find(asm_ctx_t *ctx, const char *name) {
9	    for (int i = 0; i < ctx->nsyms; i++) {
10	        if (strcmp(ctx->syms[i].name, name) == 0) return &ctx->syms[i];
11	    }
12	    return NULL;
13	}
14	
15	symbol_t *sym_get_or_create(asm_ctx_t *ctx, const char *name) {
16	    symbol_t *s = sym_find(ctx, name);
17	    if (s) return s;
18	    if (ctx->nsyms >= MAX_SYMS) { fprintf(stderr, "as: too many symbols\n"); exit(1); }
19	    s = &ctx->syms[ctx->nsyms++];
20	    memset(s, 0, sizeof(*s));
21	    safe_strcpy(s->name, name, MAX_NAME);
22	    return s;
23	}
24	
25	/* --- per-line token buffer --- */
26	
27	#define MAX_LINE_TOKS 32
28	typedef struct {
29	    token_t toks[MAX_LINE_TOKS];
30	    int n;
31	    int pos;
32	} line_t;
33	
34	static token_t line_peek(line_t *ln) {
35	    if (ln->pos < ln->n) return ln->toks[ln->pos];
36	    return (token_t){ .kind = TK_EOF };
37	}
38	static token_t line_next(line_t *ln) {
39	    token_t t = line_peek(ln);
40	    if (ln->pos < ln->n) ln->pos++;
41	    return t;
42	}

++ tail -80
++ for f in toolchain/as/*.c toolchain/cc/*.c toolchain/ld/*.c toolchain/hostlib/*.c
+++ echo toolchain/as/bin_writer.c
+++ tr / _
++ base=toolchain_as_bin_writer.c
++ ./build/toolchain/cc -Itoolchain/include --target=host -o build/stage2/toolchain_as_bin_writer.S toolchain/as/bin_writer.c
++ for f in toolchain/as/*.c toolchain/cc/*.c toolchain/ld/*.c toolchain/hostlib/*.c
+++ echo toolchain/as/elf_writer.c
+++ tr / _
++ base=toolchain_as_elf_writer.c
++ ./build/toolchain/cc -Itoolchain/include --target=host -o build/stage2/toolchain_as_elf_writer.S toolchain/as/elf_writer.c
++ for f in toolchain/as/*.c toolchain/cc/*.c toolchain/ld/*.c toolchain/hostlib/*.c
+++ echo toolchain/as/encode.c
+++ tr / _
++ base=toolchain_as_encode.c
++ ./build/toolchain/cc -Itoolchain/include --target=host -o build/stage2/toolchain_as_encode.S toolchain/as/encode.c
++ for f in toolchain/as/*.c toolchain/cc/*.c toolchain/ld/*.c toolchain/hostlib/*.c
+++ echo toolchain/as/lexer.c
+++ tr / _
++ base=toolchain_as_lexer.c
++ ./build/toolchain/cc -Itoolchain/include --target=host -o build/stage2/toolchain_as_lexer.S toolchain/as/lexer.c
++ for f in toolchain/as/*.c toolchain/cc/*.c toolchain/ld/*.c toolchain/hostlib/*.c
+++ echo toolchain/as/main.c
+++ tr / _
++ base=toolchain_as_main.c
++ ./build/toolchain/cc -Itoolchain/include --target=host -o build/stage2/toolchain_as_main.S toolchain/as/main.c
++ for f in toolchain/as/*.c toolchain/cc/*.c toolchain/ld/*.c toolchain/hostlib/*.c
+++ echo toolchain/as/parser.c
+++ tr / _
++ base=toolchain_as_parser.c
++ ./build/toolchain/cc -Itoolchain/include --target=host -o build/stage2/toolchain_as_parser.S toolchain/as/parser.c
cc: internal error: not an lvalue (kind 17)
++ echo 'CODEGEN FAIL: toolchain/as/parser.c'
CODEGEN FAIL: toolchain/as/parser.c
++ break
+ pwd -P

        case ND_MEMBER:
            codegen_addr(n->a);
            if (n->num) out("    add eax, %lld\n", (long long)n->num);
            return;
        case ND_ARROW:
            codegen_expr(n->a);
            if (n->num) out("    add eax, %lld\n", (long long)n->num);
            return;
        case ND_DEREF:
            codegen_expr(n->a);
            return;
        default:
            fprintf(stderr, "cc: internal error: not an lvalue (kind %d)\n", n->kind);
            exit(1);
    }
}
---
133:struct node {
134-    node_kind_t kind;
135-    type_t *type;      /* result type, filled in during parsing/type-checking */
136-    tok_kind_t op;        /* ND_BINOP / ND_COMPOUND_ASSIGN */
137-
138-    int64_t num;
139-    char str[512];        /* ND_STR: decoded bytes; also used for the emitted label once assigned */
140-    char name[MAX_NAME];    /* ND_VAR / ND_CALL / ND_MEMBER / ND_ARROW / func/var decl name */
141-
142-    node_t *a, *b, *c, *d; /* kind-specific children */
143-    node_t *list;            /* block statements / call args / decl init-list, via ->next */
144-    node_t *next;
145-
146-    /* variable/function storage location, resolved during parsing */
147-    int is_global;
148-    int is_static_local;     /* function-local `static` - lives in .data/.bss, own label */
149-    int is_file_static;      /* file-scope `static T name;` - still needs storage (is_global
150-                               * stays 1 for that purpose) but must not get a `global` directive:
151-                               * two files each with their own file-private `static int foo;`
152-                               * would otherwise collide as duplicate global symbols at link time. */
153-    int frame_offset;          /* local/param: EBP-relative byte offset */
154-    char asm_label[MAX_NAME];   /* global / static-local: the label CC emits for it */
155-    int is_indirect_call;         /* ND_CALL: callee is a function-pointer variable
156-                                    * (the fields above locate it), not a directly
157-                                    * callable function symbol - `call eax` instead
158-                                    * of `call name` */
159-
160-    node_t *init;      /* ND_VAR_DECL: initializer expression or {..} list (via ->list), or NULL */
161-    int is_extern_decl;
162-};
163-
164-node_t *node_new(node_kind_t kind);
165-
166-/* ---------------- parser ---------------- */
167-
168-/* Parses the whole (already-preprocessed) token stream into a list of
169- * top-level ND_FUNC_DEF / ND_VAR_DECL nodes (via ->next). */
170-node_t *cc_parse(token_t *toks, int n_toks);
171-
172-/* ---------------- codegen ---------------- */
173-

95	    out("%s:\n", lend);
96	    out("    add esp, 8\n");
97	}
98	
99	/* Stores EAX's value into the address in ECX. */
100	static void store_value(type_t *t) {
101	    if (t->kind == TY_STRUCT || t->kind == TY_UNION) {
102	        codegen_struct_copy(t);
103	    } else if (is_byte_type(t)) {
104	        out("    mov [ecx], al\n");
105	    } else if (is_short_type(t)) {
106	        out("    mov [ecx], ax\n");
107	    } else {
108	        out("    mov [ecx], eax\n");
109	    }
110	}
111	
112	/* ---------------- lvalue addresses ---------------- */
113	
114	/* Address of a variable-like storage location, given the is_global/
115	 * is_static_local/frame_offset/asm_label fields ND_VAR and an indirect
116	 * ND_CALL's callee both carry (see cc.h). */
117	static void codegen_var_addr(node_t *n) {
118	    if (n->is_global || n->is_static_local) {
119	        out("    lea eax, [%s]\n", n->asm_label);
120	    } else {
121	        out("    lea eax, [ebp%+d]\n", n->frame_offset);
122	    }
123	}
124	
125	static void codegen_addr(node_t *n) {
126	    switch (n->kind) {
127	        case ND_VAR:
128	            codegen_var_addr(n);
129	            return;
130	        case ND_MEMBER:
131	            codegen_addr(n->a);
132	            if (n->num) out("    add eax, %lld\n", (long long)n->num);
133	            return;
134	        case ND_ARROW:
135	            codegen_expr(n->a);
136	            if (n->num) out("    add eax, %lld\n", (long long)n->num);
137	            return;
138	        case ND_DEREF:
139	            codegen_expr(n->a);

195	}
196	
197	static void codegen_expr(node_t *n) {
198	    switch (n->kind) {
199	        case ND_NUM:
200	            out("    mov eax, %lld\n", (long long)n->num);
201	            return;
202	        case ND_STR:
203	            out("    lea eax, [%s]\n", n->asm_label);
204	            return;
205	        case ND_VAR:
206	            codegen_addr(n);
207	            /* A bare function name (e.g. passed as a callback: tinyfs_init(
208	             * disk_block_read, ...)) decays to its own address - there's no
209	             * separate "function value" stored anywhere to load, unlike an
210	             * ordinary global whose address holds its value. Loading here
211	             * would dereference the function's own machine code bytes. */
212	            if (n->type->kind != TY_FUNC) load_value(n->type);
213	            return;
214	        case ND_ASSIGN: {
215	            codegen_addr(n->a);
216	            out("    push eax\n");
217	            codegen_expr(n->b);
218	            out("    pop ecx\n");
219	            store_value(n->a->type);
220	            return;
221	        }
222	        case ND_COMPOUND_ASSIGN: {
223	            /* eax/ecx get clobbered (idiv even clobbers edx) while
224	             * computing the new value, so &a is kept on the real stack
225	             * throughout and only popped fresh at the very end - a
226	             * register copy of it wouldn't survive an idiv/cdq. */
227	            codegen_addr(n->a);
228	            out("    push eax\n");             /* [&a] */
229	            codegen_expr(n->b);
230	            out("    push eax\n");               /* [&a, b_value] */
231	            out("    pop ecx\n");                 /* ecx = b_value */
232	            out("    mov edx, [esp]\n");            /* edx = &a (peek, stack still [&a]) */
233	            out("    mov eax, [edx]\n");              /* eax = current value of a */
234	            switch (n->op) {
235	                case TK_PLUSEQ: out("    add eax, ecx\n"); break;
236	                case TK_MINUSEQ: out("    sub eax, ecx\n"); break;
237	                case TK_ANDEQ: out("    and eax, ecx\n"); break;
238	                case TK_OREQ: out("    or eax, ecx\n"); break;
239	                case TK_XOREQ: out("    xor eax, ecx\n"); break;
240	                case TK_STAREQ: out("    imul eax, ecx\n"); break;
241	                case TK_SLASHEQ: out("    cdq\n    idiv ecx\n"); break;
242	                case TK_PERCENTEQ: out("    cdq\n    idiv ecx\n    mov eax, edx\n"); break;
243	                /* ecx already holds b_value (the shift count) in CL, no
244	                 * register shuffling needed - same as codegen_binop. */
245	                case TK_SHLEQ: out("    shl eax, cl\n"); break;
246	                case TK_SHREQ: out("    shr eax, cl\n"); break;
247	                default: fprintf(stderr, "cc: internal error: unsupported compound-assign op\n"); exit(1);
248	            }
249	            out("    pop ecx\n");    /* ecx = &a, fresh from the stack (not the possibly-clobbered edx copy) */
250	            store_value(n->a->type);
251	            return;
252	        }
253	        case ND_BINOP:
254	            codegen_binop(n);
255	            return;
256	        case ND_LOGAND: {
257	            char lfalse[MAX_NAME], lend[MAX_NAME];
258	            new_label(lfalse); new_label(lend);
259	            codegen_expr(n->a);
260	            out("    cmp eax, 0\n    je %s\n", lfalse);
261	            codegen_expr(n->b);
262	            out("    cmp eax, 0\n    je %s\n", lfalse);
263	            out("    mov eax, 1\n    jmp %s\n", lend);
264	            out("%s:\n    mov eax, 0\n%s:\n", lfalse, lend);
265	            return;
266	        }
267	        case ND_LOGOR: {
268	            char ltrue[MAX_NAME], lend[MAX_NAME];
269	            new_label(ltrue); new_label(lend);
270	            codegen_expr(n->a);
271	            out("    cmp eax, 0\n    jne %s\n", ltrue);
272	            codegen_expr(n->b);
273	            out("    cmp eax, 0\n    jne %s\n", ltrue);
274	            out("    mov eax, 0\n    jmp %s\n", lend);
275	            out("%s:\n    mov eax, 1\n%s:\n", ltrue, lend);
276	            return;
277	        }
278	        case ND_UNARY_MINUS:
279	            codegen_expr(n->a);
280	            out("    neg eax\n");
281	            return;
282	        case ND_NOT:
283	            codegen_expr(n->a);
284	            out("    cmp eax, 0\n    sete al\n    movzx eax, al\n");
285	            return;
286	        case ND_BITNOT:
287	            codegen_expr(n->a);
288	            out("    not eax\n");
289	            return;
290	        case ND_ADDR:
291	            codegen_addr(n->a);
292	            return;
293	        case ND_DEREF:
294	            codegen_expr(n->a);
295	            load_value(n->type);
296	            return;
297	        case ND_PREINC: case ND_PREDEC: case ND_POSTINC: case ND_POSTDEC: {
298	            /* int/pointer only (4-byte) - ++/-- on a char never appears
299	             * in this codebase, see docs/toolchain.md. */
300	            int is_dec = (n->kind == ND_PREDEC || n->kind == ND_POSTDEC);
301	            int is_post = (n->kind == ND_POSTINC || n->kind == ND_POSTDEC);
302	            int step = (n->a->type->kind == TY_PTR) ? type_size(n->a->type->base) : 1;
303	            codegen_addr(n->a);
304	            out("    mov ecx, eax\n");     /* ecx = address */
305	            out("    mov eax, [ecx]\n");     /* eax = old value */
306	            if (is_post) out("    mov edx, eax\n");
307	            out("    %s eax, %d\n", is_dec ? "sub" : "add", step);
308	            out("    mov [ecx], eax\n");
309	            if (is_post) out("    mov eax, edx\n");
310	            return;
311	        }
312	        case ND_CALL:
313	            codegen_call_or_builtin(n);
314	            return;

12:node_t *node_new(node_kind_t kind) {
#include "cc.h"

#include <stdlib.h>
#include <string.h>

type_t *type_new(type_kind_t kind) {
    type_t *t = calloc(1, sizeof(type_t));
    t->kind = kind;
    return t;
}

node_t *node_new(node_kind_t kind) {
    node_t *n = calloc(1, sizeof(node_t));
    n->kind = kind;
    return n;
}

type_t *ptr_to(type_t *base) {
    type_t *t = type_new(TY_PTR);
    t->base = base;
    t->size = 4;
    t->align = 4;
    return t;
}

int type_is_int(type_t *t) {
    return t->kind == TY_CHAR || t->kind == TY_SHORT || t->kind == TY_INT || t->kind == TY_ENUM;
}

static int round_up(int n, int align) { return (n + align - 1) / align * align; }

  2651 build/stage2/toolchain_as_elf_writer.S
   866 build/stage2/toolchain_as_main.S
   878 build/stage2/toolchain_cc_main.S
  2752 build/stage2/toolchain_cc_preprocessor.S
  2302 build/stage2/toolchain_ld_main.S
  9449 total
---
BITS 32
extern strcmp
extern strncmp
extern fprintf
extern pp_process_file
extern cc_parse
extern printf
extern fopen
extern perror
extern codegen_emit
extern fclose
extern g_include_dirs
extern g_n_include_dirs
extern g_stdout_file
extern g_stderr_file
section .text
safe_strcpy:
    push ebp
    mov ebp, esp
    sub esp, 4
    lea eax, [ebp-4]
    push eax
    mov eax, 0
    pop ecx
    mov [ecx], eax
.L0:
    lea eax, [ebp+16]
    mov eax, [eax]
    push eax
    mov eax, 1

195	    static const struct { const char *name; int base, ext; } table[] = {
196	        { "add", 0x00, 0 }, { "or", 0x08, 1 }, { "and", 0x20, 4 },
197	        { "sub", 0x28, 5 }, { "xor", 0x30, 6 }, { "cmp", 0x38, 7 },
198	    };
199	    for (size_t i = 0; i < sizeof(table) / sizeof(table[0]); i++) {
200	        if (strcmp(m, table[i].name) == 0) { *base = table[i].base; *ext = table[i].ext; return 1; }
201	    }
202	    return 0;
203	}
204	
205	/* --- the encoder --- */
206	
207	int stmt_encode(asm_ctx_t *ctx, stmt_t *st, uint8_t *out, int strict) {
208	    emitter_t e = { out, 0 };
209	    const char *m = st->mnemonic;
210	    operand_t *a = &st->ops[0];
211	    operand_t *b = &st->ops[1];
212	    operand_t *c = &st->ops[2];
213	    int is_bin = ctx->have_org;
214	
215	    /* --- pseudo-ops for data directives: one scalar value per stmt --- */
216	    if (strcmp(m, ".db") == 0 || strcmp(m, ".dw") == 0 || strcmp(m, ".dd") == 0 || strcmp(m, ".dq") == 0) {
217	        int width = strcmp(m, ".db") == 0 ? 1 : strcmp(m, ".dw") == 0 ? 2 : strcmp(m, ".dd") == 0 ? 4 : 8;
218	        int64_t v = a->has_sym
219	            ? resolve_abs(ctx, is_bin, a->sym, a->disp, st->section, st->offset, strict)
220	            : a->disp;
221	        if (width == 1) e8(&e, (uint8_t)v);
222	        else if (width == 2) e16(&e, (uint16_t)v);
223	        else if (width == 4) e32(&e, (uint32_t)v);
224	        else { e32(&e, (uint32_t)v); e32(&e, (uint32_t)(v >> 32)); }
225	        return e.len;
226	    }
227	    if (strcmp(m, ".resb") == 0) {
228	        for (int64_t i = 0; i < a->disp; i++) e8(&e, 0);
229	        return e.len;
230	    }
231	    if (strcmp(m, ".pad") == 0) {
232	        /* `times N db V` folds to one .pad stmt: a->disp = N, b->disp = V */
233	        for (int64_t i = 0; i < a->disp; i++) e8(&e, (uint8_t)b->disp);
234	        return e.len;
235	    }
236	
237	    /* --- generic 32-bit ALU ops (add/or/and/sub/xor/cmp): reg<->reg,
238	     * reg<->mem(ebp/esp/label), reg<->imm32 - what CC's codegen emits.
239	     * Gated on bits==32 so this can never shadow the 16-bit real-mode

#include "as.h"

#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <string.h>

static int regnum(reg_t r) {
    switch (r) {
        case R_AL: case R_AX: case R_EAX: return 0;
        case R_CL: case R_CX: case R_ECX: return 1;
        case R_DL: case R_DX: case R_EDX: return 2;
        case R_BL: case R_BX: case R_EBX: return 3;
        case R_AH: case R_SP: case R_ESP: return 4;
        case R_CH: case R_BP: case R_EBP: return 5;
        case R_DH: case R_SI: case R_ESI: return 6;
        case R_BH: case R_DI: case R_EDI: return 7;
        case R_ES: return 0;
        case R_CS: return 1;
        case R_SS: return 2;
        case R_DS: return 3;
        case R_FS: return 4;
        case R_GS: return 5;
        case R_CR0: return 0;
        default: return 0;
    }
}

static int is_reg32(reg_t r) { return r >= R_EAX && r <= R_EDI; }
static int is_reg16(reg_t r) { return r >= R_AX && r <= R_DI; }
static int is_reg8(reg_t r) { return r >= R_AL && r <= R_BH; }
static int is_sreg(reg_t r) { return r >= R_ES && r <= R_GS; }

/* --- growable emission into `out` (NULL in dry-run/length-only mode) --- */

typedef struct {
    uint8_t *out;
    int len;
} emitter_t;

static void e8(emitter_t *e, uint8_t b) {
    if (e->out) e->out[e->len] = b;
    e->len++;
}
static void e16(emitter_t *e, uint16_t v) { e8(e, v & 0xFF); e8(e, (v >> 8) & 0xFF); }
static void e32(emitter_t *e, uint32_t v) {

20	#include <stddef.h>
21	
22	static inline void safe_strcpy(char *dst, const char *src, size_t dstsize) {
23	    size_t i = 0;
24	    for (; i + 1 < dstsize && src[i]; i++) dst[i] = src[i];
25	    dst[i] = '\0';
26	}
27	
28	#define MAX_INPUT_FILES 32
29	#define MAX_SECTIONS_PER_FILE 16
30	#define MAX_SYMS_PER_FILE 512
31	#define MAX_RELOCS_PER_FILE 512
32	#define MAX_NAME 128
33	
34	typedef enum { SEC_TEXT, SEC_RODATA, SEC_DATA, SEC_BSS, SEC_KIND_COUNT, SEC_KIND_OTHER } sec_kind_t;
35	
36	typedef struct {
37	    char name[MAX_NAME];
38	    sec_kind_t kind;    /* classified from the section name; SEC_KIND_OTHER is skipped (e.g. .symtab) */
39	    int is_nobits;         /* .bss: no file content, size still counts */
40	    uint32_t file_off;       /* offset of this section's bytes within in_file_t.data (PROGBITS only) */
41	    uint32_t size;
42	    uint32_t merged_off;      /* filled in during layout: offset within the OUTPUT section of this kind */
43	} in_section_t;
44	
45	typedef struct {
46	    char name[MAX_NAME];
47	    int defined;          /* 0 = extern/undefined in this file */
48	    int is_global;
49	    int section_idx;         /* index into this file's sections[], -1 if undefined */
50	    uint32_t value;             /* offset within that section, as given by the object file */
51	} in_symbol_t;
52	
53	typedef struct {
54	    int section_idx;    /* which of this file's sections the relocation patches */
55	    uint32_t offset;       /* byte offset within that section */
56	    int symbol_idx;          /* which of this file's symbols is referenced */
57	    int type;                  /* R_386_32 or R_386_PC32 */
58	} in_reloc_t;
59	

=== tests/toolchain/t01_basic.c ===
/bin/bash: line 7: 3717221 Segmentation fault      (core dumped) ./build/stage2/cc -I toolchain/include --target=host -o /tmp/out.S "$f"
exit=139
=== tests/toolchain/t02_control.c ===
/bin/bash: line 7: 3717228 Segmentation fault      (core dumped) ./build/stage2/cc -I toolchain/include --target=host -o /tmp/out.S "$f"
exit=139
=== tests/toolchain/t02_types.c ===
/bin/bash: line 7: 3717235 Segmentation fault      (core dumped) ./build/stage2/cc -I toolchain/include --target=host -o /tmp/out.S "$f"
exit=139
=== tests/toolchain/t03_recursion.c ===
/bin/bash: line 7: 3717242 Segmentation fault      (core dumped) ./build/stage2/cc -I toolchain/include --target=host -o /tmp/out.S "$f"
exit=139
=== tests/toolchain/t04_pointers.c ===
/bin/bash: line 7: 3717248 Segmentation fault      (core dumped) ./build/stage2/cc -I toolchain/include --target=host -o /tmp/out.S "$f"
exit=139
=== tests/toolchain/t05_structs.c ===
/bin/bash: line 7: 3717254 Segmentation fault      (core dumped) ./build/stage2/cc -I toolchain/include --target=host -o /tmp/out.S "$f"
exit=139
=== tests/toolchain/t06_switch.c ===
/bin/bash: line 7: 3717261 Segmentation fault      (core dumped) ./build/stage2/cc -I toolchain/include --target=host -o /tmp/out.S "$f"
exit=139
=== tests/toolchain/t07_comma.c ===
/bin/bash: line 7: 3717267 Segmentation fault      (core dumped) ./build/stage2/cc -I toolchain/include --target=host -o /tmp/out.S "$f"
exit=139
=== tests/toolchain/t08_forward_struct.c ===
/bin/bash: line 7: 3717277 Segmentation fault      (core dumped) ./build/stage2/cc -I toolchain/include --target=host -o /tmp/out.S "$f"
exit=139
=== tests/toolchain/t09_local_init.c ===
/bin/bash: line 7: 3717285 Segmentation fault      (core dumped) ./build/stage2/cc -I toolchain/include --target=host -o /tmp/out.S "$f"
exit=139
=== tests/toolchain/t10_short.c ===
/bin/bash: line 7: 3717291 Segmentation fault      (core dumped) ./build/stage2/cc -I toolchain/include --target=host -o /tmp/out.S "$f"
exit=139
=== tests/toolchain/t11_array_size.c ===
/bin/bash: line 7: 3717298 Segmentation fault      (core dumped) ./build/stage2/cc -I toolchain/include --target=host -o /tmp/out.S "$f"
exit=139
=== tests/toolchain/t12_local_array_size.c ===
/bin/bash: line 7: 3717304 Segmentation fault      (core dumped) ./build/stage2/cc -I toolchain/include --target=host -o /tmp/out.S "$f"
exit=139
=== tests/toolchain/t13_struct_copy.c ===
/bin/bash: line 7: 3717310 Segmentation fault      (core dumped) ./build/stage2/cc -I toolchain/include --target=host -o /tmp/out.S "$f"
exit=139
=== tests/toolchain/t14_struct_return.c ===
/bin/bash: line 7: 3717317 Segmentation fault      (core dumped) ./build/stage2/cc -I toolchain/include --target=host -o /tmp/out.S "$f"
exit=139
=== tests/toolchain/t15_escapes.c ===
/bin/bash: line 7: 3717325 Segmentation fault      (core dumped) ./build/stage2/cc -I toolchain/include --target=host -o /tmp/out.S "$f"
exit=139

356:static type_t *parse_param_list(parser_t *p, char names[][MAX_NAME], int *n_names) {
357-    type_t *head = NULL, *tail = NULL;
358-    int n = 0;
359-    if (check(p, TK_RPAREN)) return NULL;
360-    if (is_kw(p, "void") && p->toks[p->pos + 1].kind == TK_RPAREN) { advance(p); return NULL; }
361-    for (;;) {
362-        /* `...` (variadic tail, e.g. `fprintf`'s or codegen.c's own
363-         * `out(const char *fmt, ...)`): stops named-parameter parsing
364-         * here with no further storage of its own - call sites don't
365-         * check argument counts against a prototype (each call arg is
366-         * parsed/pushed independently, see codegen_call_or_builtin), so
367-         * nothing downstream needs to know this function is variadic
368-         * beyond "stop expecting more named params". */
369-        if (check(p, TK_ELLIPSIS)) { advance(p); break; }
370-        type_t *base = parse_type_spec(p, NULL, NULL);
371-        type_t *pt = base;
372-        char nm[MAX_NAME] = {0};
373-        while (match(p, TK_STAR)) pt = ptr_to(pt);
374-        if (check(p, TK_LPAREN) && p->toks[p->pos + 1].kind == TK_STAR) {
375-            /* function-pointer parameter: TYPE (*name)(PARAMS), e.g.
376-             * parse_binop_level's `ast_node_t *(*next)(parser_t *)` -
377-             * mirrors parse_declarator's identical form, duplicated here
378-             * (rather than delegating to it) because plain parameters in
379-             * this loop tolerate an unnamed parameter and parse_declarator
380-             * doesn't. */
381-            advance(p);
382-            expect(p, TK_STAR);
383-            if (check(p, TK_IDENT)) { safe_strcpy(nm, cur(p).text, MAX_NAME); advance(p); }
384-            expect(p, TK_RPAREN);
385-            expect(p, TK_LPAREN);
386-            type_t *functy = type_new(TY_FUNC);
387-            functy->base = pt;
388-            functy->param = parse_param_list(p, NULL, NULL);
389-            expect(p, TK_RPAREN);
390-            pt = ptr_to(functy);
391-        } else {
392-            if (check(p, TK_IDENT)) { safe_strcpy(nm, cur(p).text, MAX_NAME); advance(p); }
393-            while (match(p, TK_LBRACKET)) {
394-                if (!check(p, TK_RBRACKET)) advance(p);
395-                expect(p, TK_RBRACKET);
396-                pt = ptr_to(pt); /* array param decays to pointer */
397-            }
398-        }
399-        type_t *node = type_new(pt->kind);
400-        *node = *pt;
401-        node->next = NULL;
402-        if (tail) tail->next = node; else head = node;
403-        tail = node;
404-        if (names && n_names) safe_strcpy(names[n], nm, MAX_NAME);
405-        n++;
406-        if (!match(p, TK_COMMA)) break;
407-    }
408-    if (n_names) *n_names = n;
409-    return head;
410-}
411-

wait_for "hello.txt"

type_line "cat hello.txt"
wait_for "Hello, tinyfs!"

type_line "write greet.txt hi there"
wait_for "write: ok"

type_line "cat greet.txt"
wait_for "hi there"

type_line "rm greet.txt"
wait_for "rm: ok"

type_line "cat greet.txt"
wait_for "cat: no such file"

type_line "help"
wait_for "commands:"

type_line "run hello.tsh"
check_fixture_output tests/expected/hello.tsh.txt

type_line "build hello.tc hello.tbc"
wait_for "build: ok"

type_line "exec hello.tbc"
check_fixture_output tests/expected/hello.tc.txt

echo "run_tests: PASS"
===
#!/usr/bin/env bash
# Boots the kernel headlessly in QEMU, checks the kernel self-test result,
# then drives the interactive shell via QEMU's monitor `sendkey` (see
# tools/qemu_type.py - there's no other way to feed the polled PS/2
# keyboard driver without real hardware) and asserts on serial output.
set -euo pipefail

cd "$(dirname "$0")/.."
make >/dev/null

BUILD=build
LOG="$BUILD/serial.log"
MON="$BUILD/qemu-monitor.sock"
rm -f "$LOG" "$MON"

qemu-system-i386 \
    -drive file="$BUILD/disk.img",format=raw \
    -display none \
    -serial file:"$LOG" \
    -monitor unix:"$MON",server,nowait \

#include "as.h"

#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <string.h>

static char *read_file(const char *path) {
    FILE *f = fopen(path, "rb");
    if (!f) { perror("as: fopen"); exit(1); }
    fseek(f, 0, SEEK_END);
    long n = ftell(f);
    fseek(f, 0, SEEK_SET);
    char *buf = malloc((size_t)n + 1);
    if (fread(buf, 1, (size_t)n, f) != (size_t)n) { perror("as: fread"); exit(1); }
    buf[n] = '\0';
    fclose(f);
    return buf;
}

int main(int argc, char **argv) {
    const char *fmt = NULL;
    const char *outpath = NULL;
    const char *inpath = NULL;

    for (int i = 1; i < argc; i++) {
        if (strcmp(argv[i], "-f") == 0 && i + 1 < argc) { fmt = argv[++i]; }
        else if (strcmp(argv[i], "-o") == 0 && i + 1 < argc) { outpath = argv[++i]; }
        else { inpath = argv[i]; }
    }
    if (!fmt || !outpath || !inpath) {
        fprintf(stderr, "usage: as -f bin|elf32 -o <out> <in.S>\n");
        return 1;
    }

    char *src = read_file(inpath);

    static asm_ctx_t ctx;
    memset(&ctx, 0, sizeof(ctx));

    if (as_parse_pass1(&ctx, src, inpath) != 0) {
        fprintf(stderr, "as: parse errors, not assembling %s\n", inpath);
        return 1;
    }
    if (as_encode_pass2(&ctx) != 0) {
        fprintf(stderr, "as: encode errors, not writing %s\n", outpath);
        return 1;
    }

    int rc;
    if (strcmp(fmt, "bin") == 0) {
        rc = write_bin(&ctx, outpath);
    } else if (strcmp(fmt, "elf32") == 0) {
        rc = write_elf32(&ctx, outpath);
    } else {
        fprintf(stderr, "as: unknown format '%s' (expected bin or elf32)\n", fmt);
        return 1;
    }
    return rc == 0 ? 0 : 1;
}

525	/* --- driver --- */
526	
527	int as_parse_pass1(asm_ctx_t *ctx, const char *src, const char *filename) {
528	    pstate_t ps = {0};
529	    ps.ctx = ctx;
530	    ps.bits = 16;
531	    ps.cur_section = SEC_TEXT;
532	    ps.filename = filename;
533	
534	    lexer_t lx;
535	    lexer_init(&lx, src);
536	
537	    for (;;) {
538	        line_t ln = {0};
539	        for (;;) {
540	            token_t t = lexer_next(&lx);
541	            if (t.kind == TK_NEWLINE || t.kind == TK_EOF) {
542	                if (ln.n < MAX_LINE_TOKS) ln.toks[ln.n++] = t;
543	                break;
544	            }
545	            if (ln.n < MAX_LINE_TOKS) ln.toks[ln.n++] = t;
546	        }
547	        ps.line_no++;
548	        int is_eof = ln.toks[ln.n - 1].kind == TK_EOF;
549	        parse_line(&ps, &ln);
550	        if (is_eof) break;
551	    }
552	
553	    return ps.had_error ? -1 : 0;
554	}
555	

625	 * writing bytes it emits store instructions relative to a base
626	 * ebp-offset; a plain scalar just evaluates and stores at that offset,
627	 * which also serves as the non-aggregate base case (a bare `int x = 1;`
628	 * behaves like a one-element "aggregate" of itself). */
629	static void codegen_init_local(int base_offset, type_t *t, node_t *init) {
630	    if (t->kind == TY_ARRAY && init->kind == ND_BLOCK) {
631	        int off = 0;
632	        for (node_t *v = init->list; v; v = v->next) {
633	            codegen_init_local(base_offset + off, t->base, v);
634	            off += type_size(t->base);
635	        }
636	        return;
637	    }
638	    if ((t->kind == TY_STRUCT || t->kind == TY_UNION) && init->kind == ND_BLOCK) {
639	        member_t *m = t->members;
640	        node_t *v = init->list;
641	        for (; m && v; m = m->next, v = v->next) {
642	            codegen_init_local(base_offset + m->offset, m->type, v);
643	        }
644	        return;
645	    }
646	    out("    lea eax, [ebp%+d]\n", base_offset);
647	    out("    push eax\n");
648	    codegen_expr(init);
649	    out("    pop ecx\n");
650	    store_value(t);
651	}
652	
653	static void codegen_func(node_t *fn) {
654	    safe_strcpy(g_cur_func, fn->name, MAX_NAME);
655	    if (fn->is_global) out("global %s\n", fn->name); /* static functions keep internal linkage - no `global` */
656	    out("%s:\n", fn->name);
657	    out("    push ebp\n    mov ebp, esp\n");
658	    if (fn->num) out("    sub esp, %d\n", (int)fn->num);
659	    codegen_stmt(fn->b);
660	    out("    mov eax, 0\n    mov esp, ebp\n    pop ebp\n    ret\n");
661	}
662	
663	extern int is_builtin_name(const char *name);
664	
665	#define MAX_EXTERNS 64
666	static char g_externs[MAX_EXTERNS][MAX_NAME];
667	static int g_n_externs;
668	
669	static int already_extern(const char *name) {
670	    for (int i = 0; i < g_n_externs; i++) if (strcmp(g_externs[i], name) == 0) return 1;
671	    return 0;
672	}
673	
674	#define MAX_STRINGS 256
675	static node_t *g_strings[MAX_STRINGS];
676	
677	#define MAX_STATICS 64
678	static node_t *g_statics[MAX_STATICS];
679	static int g_n_statics;
680	static int g_n_strings;
681	
682	/* Walks every reachable node (function bodies, global initializers - a/b/
683	 * c/d/list/init/next cover every kind of child link used anywhere in the
684	 * AST), collecting (not yet emitting - the caller isn't in the right
685	 * section context here) two things in one pass: names of called-but-not-
686	 * locally-defined, non-builtin functions (need `extern`), and string
687	 * literal nodes (need their bytes emitted into a data section later). */
688	/* skip_next=1 for the one call the top-level driver makes per top-level
689	 * node (see codegen_emit) - that loop already advances over prog's own

380	/* --- one line --- */
381	
382	static void parse_rest_of_line(pstate_t *ps, line_t *ln);
383	
384	static void parse_line(pstate_t *ps, line_t *ln) {
385	    if (line_peek(ln).kind == TK_EOF) return;
386	
387	    /* label: */
388	    if (line_peek(ln).kind == TK_IDENT) {
389	        line_t save = *ln;
390	        token_t name = line_next(ln);
391	        if (line_peek(ln).kind == TK_COLON) {
392	            line_next(ln);
393	            define_label(ps, name.text);
394	            parse_rest_of_line(ps, ln);
395	            return;
396	        }
397	        /* NAME equ EXPR */
398	        if (line_is_ident(ln, "equ")) {
399	            line_next(ln);
400	            value_t v = eval_expr(ps, ln);
401	            if (v.has_sym) { perr(ps, "equ value must be constant"); return; }
402	            symbol_t *s = sym_get_or_create(ps->ctx, name.text);
403	            s->is_equ = 1;
404	            s->equ_value = v.val;
405	            return;
406	        }
407	        *ln = save;
408	    }
409	    parse_rest_of_line(ps, ln);
410	}
411	
412	static void parse_rest_of_line(pstate_t *ps, line_t *ln) {
413	    if (line_peek(ln).kind == TK_EOF || line_peek(ln).kind == TK_NEWLINE) return;
414	    if (line_peek(ln).kind != TK_IDENT) { perr(ps, "expected directive/instruction"); return; }
415	
416	    token_t head = line_next(ln);
417	
418	    if (ieq(head.text, "BITS")) { ps->bits = (int)line_next(ln).number; return; }
419	    if (ieq(head.text, "ORG")) {

1	#include "as.h"
2	
3	#include <stdio.h>
4	#include <stdlib.h>
5	#include <string.h>
6	
7	static char *read_file(const char *path) {
8	    FILE *f = fopen(path, "rb");
9	    if (!f) { perror("as: fopen"); exit(1); }
10	    fseek(f, 0, SEEK_END);
11	    long n = ftell(f);
12	    fseek(f, 0, SEEK_SET);
13	    char *buf = malloc((size_t)n + 1);
14	    if (fread(buf, 1, (size_t)n, f) != (size_t)n) { perror("as: fread"); exit(1); }
15	    buf[n] = '\0';
16	    fclose(f);
17	    return buf;
18	}
19	
20	int main(int argc, char **argv) {
21	    const char *fmt = NULL;
22	    const char *outpath = NULL;
23	    const char *inpath = NULL;
24	
25	    for (int i = 1; i < argc; i++) {
26	        if (strcmp(argv[i], "-f") == 0 && i + 1 < argc) { fmt = argv[++i]; }
27	        else if (strcmp(argv[i], "-o") == 0 && i + 1 < argc) { outpath = argv[++i]; }
28	        else { inpath = argv[i]; }
29	    }
30	    if (!fmt || !outpath || !inpath) {
31	        fprintf(stderr, "usage: as -f bin|elf32 -o <out> <in.S>\n");
32	        return 1;
33	    }
34	
35	    char *src = read_file(inpath);
36	
37	    static asm_ctx_t ctx;
38	    memset(&ctx, 0, sizeof(ctx));
39	
40	    if (as_parse_pass1(&ctx, src, inpath) != 0) {
41	        fprintf(stderr, "as: parse errors, not assembling %s\n", inpath);
42	        return 1;
43	    }
44	    if (as_encode_pass2(&ctx) != 0) {
45	        fprintf(stderr, "as: encode errors, not writing %s\n", outpath);
46	        return 1;
47	    }
48	
49	    int rc;
50	    if (strcmp(fmt, "bin") == 0) {
51	        rc = write_bin(&ctx, outpath);
52	    } else if (strcmp(fmt, "elf32") == 0) {
53	        rc = write_elf32(&ctx, outpath);
54	    } else {
55	        fprintf(stderr, "as: unknown format '%s' (expected bin or elf32)\n", fmt);
56	        return 1;
57	    }
58	    return rc == 0 ? 0 : 1;
59	}
60	

416	        fprintf(stderr, "DBG: restored\n");
417	    }
418	    parse_rest_of_line(ps, ln);
419	}
420	
421	static void parse_rest_of_line(pstate_t *ps, line_t *ln) {
422	    if (line_peek(ln).kind == TK_EOF || line_peek(ln).kind == TK_NEWLINE) return;
423	    if (line_peek(ln).kind != TK_IDENT) { perr(ps, "expected directive/instruction"); return; }
424	
425	    token_t head = line_next(ln);
426	
427	    if (ieq(head.text, "BITS")) { ps->bits = (int)line_next(ln).number; return; }
428	    if (ieq(head.text, "ORG")) {
429	        value_t v = eval_expr(ps, ln);
430	        ps->ctx->org = (uint32_t)v.val;
431	        ps->ctx->have_org = 1;
432	        return;
433	    }
434	    if (ieq(head.text, "section")) {
435	        token_t name = line_next(ln);
436	        ps->cur_section = normalize_section(name.text);
437	        return;
438	    }
439	    if (ieq(head.text, "global")) {
440	        token_t name = line_next(ln);
441	        sym_get_or_create(ps->ctx, name.text)->is_global = 1;
442	        return;
443	    }
444	    if (ieq(head.text, "extern")) {
445	        token_t name = line_next(ln);
446	        sym_get_or_create(ps->ctx, name.text)->is_extern = 1;
447	        return;
448	    }
449	    if (ieq(head.text, "align")) {
450	        value_t v = eval_expr(ps, ln);
451	        uint32_t n = (uint32_t)v.val;
452	        uint32_t cur = ps->offsets[ps->cur_section];
453	        uint32_t pad = (n - (cur % n)) % n;
454	        stmt_t st = {0};
455	        safe_strcpy(st.mnemonic, ".resb", sizeof(st.mnemonic));
456	        st.nops = 1;
457	        st.ops[0].kind = OPND_IMM;
458	        st.ops[0].disp = pad;
459	        push_stmt(ps, st);
460	        return;
461	    }
462	    if (ieq(head.text, "resb")) {
463	        value_t v = eval_expr(ps, ln);
464	        stmt_t st = {0};
465	        safe_strcpy(st.mnemonic, ".resb", sizeof(st.mnemonic));
466	        st.nops = 1;
467	        st.ops[0].kind = OPND_IMM;
468	        st.ops[0].disp = v.val;
469	        push_stmt(ps, st);
470	        return;
471	    }
472	    if (ieq(head.text, "times")) {
473	        value_t count = eval_expr(ps, ln);
474	        token_t sizekw = line_next(ln); /* db/dw/dd */
475	        value_t val = eval_expr(ps, ln);
476	        (void)sizekw; /* our only usage is `times N db V` */
477	        stmt_t st = {0};
478	        safe_strcpy(st.mnemonic, ".pad", sizeof(st.mnemonic));
479	        st.nops = 2;
480	        st.ops[0].disp = count.val;
481	        st.ops[1].disp = val.val;
482	        push_stmt(ps, st);
483	        return;
484	    }
485	    if (ieq(head.text, "db")) { parse_data_directive(ps, ln, ".db"); return; }
486	    if (ieq(head.text, "dw")) { parse_data_directive(ps, ln, ".dw"); return; }
487	    if (ieq(head.text, "dd")) { parse_data_directive(ps, ln, ".dd"); return; }
488	    if (ieq(head.text, "dq")) { parse_data_directive(ps, ln, ".dq"); return; }
489	
490	    /* instruction */
491	    stmt_t st = {0};
492	    safe_strcpy(st.mnemonic, head.text, sizeof(st.mnemonic));
493	    for (char *p = st.mnemonic; *p; p++) *p = (char)tolower((unsigned char)*p);
494	
495	    if (line_peek(ln).kind != TK_NEWLINE && line_peek(ln).kind != TK_EOF) {

498	    for (char *p = st.mnemonic; *p; p++) *p = (char)tolower((unsigned char)*p);
499	    fprintf(stderr, "DBG: lowercased\n");
500	
501	    if (line_peek(ln).kind != TK_NEWLINE && line_peek(ln).kind != TK_EOF) {
502	        st.ops[0] = parse_operand(ps, ln);
503	        st.nops = 1;
504	        /* far jmp: `jmp SEG:OFFSET` - the value just parsed as ops[0] is
505	         * actually the segment; re-read it as ops[0].far_seg and parse
506	         * the offset as the real ops[0]. */
507	        if (ieq(st.mnemonic, "jmp") && line_peek(ln).kind == TK_COLON) {
508	            line_next(ln);
509	            operand_t seg = st.ops[0];
510	            operand_t off = parse_operand(ps, ln);
511	            operand_t far = {0};
512	            far.kind = OPND_FAR;
513	            far.has_sym = off.has_sym;
514	            safe_strcpy(far.sym, off.sym, MAX_NAME);
515	            far.disp = off.disp;
516	            far.far_seg = seg.disp;
517	            far.far_seg_has_sym = seg.has_sym; /* e.g. a forward-referenced EQU like CODE_SEG - deferred to pass 2 */
518	            safe_strcpy(far.far_seg_sym, seg.sym, MAX_NAME);
519	            st.ops[0] = far;
520	        } else if (line_peek(ln).kind == TK_COMMA) {
521	            line_next(ln);
522	            st.ops[1] = parse_operand(ps, ln);
523	            st.nops = 2;
524	            /* only `imul r32, r/m32, imm32` uses a 3rd operand - without
525	             * this, a trailing `, imm` was silently dropped (never
526	             * consumed, never reported as an error) and the immediate
527	             * scale factor was lost, e.g. `imul ecx, ecx, 4` for array
528	             * indexing silently became `imul ecx, ecx` (self-square
529	             * instead of *4) - see docs/toolchain.md. */
530	            if (line_peek(ln).kind == TK_COMMA) {
531	                line_next(ln);
532	                st.ops[2] = parse_operand(ps, ln);
533	                st.nops = 3;
534	            }
535	        }
536	    }
537	    push_stmt(ps, st);

238	/* --- operand parsing --- */
239	
240	static int size_keyword(const char *w, int *size) {
241	    if (ieq(w, "byte")) { *size = 1; return 1; }
242	    if (ieq(w, "word")) { *size = 2; return 1; }
243	    if (ieq(w, "dword")) { *size = 4; return 1; }
244	    return 0;
245	}
246	
247	static operand_t parse_mem(pstate_t *ps, line_t *ln) {
248	    operand_t o = {0};
249	    o.kind = OPND_MEM;
250	    /* [reg], [reg+disp], [reg-disp], [sym], [sym+disp] */
251	    token_t t = line_peek(ln);
252	    if (t.kind == TK_IDENT) {
253	        const regdef_t *r = reg_lookup(t.text);
254	        if (r) { o.reg = r->reg; line_next(ln); }
255	    }
256	    if (o.reg == R_NONE) {
257	        value_t v = eval_expr(ps, ln);
258	        if (v.has_sym) { o.has_sym = 1; safe_strcpy(o.sym, v.sym, MAX_NAME); o.disp = v.val; }
259	        else { o.disp = v.val; }
260	    } else if (line_peek(ln).kind == TK_PLUS || line_peek(ln).kind == TK_MINUS) {
261	        int neg = line_peek(ln).kind == TK_MINUS;
262	        line_next(ln);
263	        value_t v = eval_expr(ps, ln);
264	        o.disp = neg ? -v.val : v.val; /* our only reg+/-disp forms use plain constants */
265	    }
266	    if (line_peek(ln).kind == TK_RBRACK) line_next(ln); else perr(ps, "expected ]");
267	    return o;
268	}
269	
270	static operand_t parse_operand(pstate_t *ps, line_t *ln) {
271	    operand_t o = {0};
272	    int sz = 0;
273	    if (line_peek(ln).kind == TK_IDENT && size_keyword(line_peek(ln).text, &sz)) {
274	        line_next(ln);
275	        if (line_peek(ln).kind == TK_LBRACK) {
276	            /* `word|dword [mem]` */
277	            line_next(ln);
278	            o = parse_mem(ps, ln);
279	            o.size_override = sz;
280	            return o;
281	        }
282	        /* `dword N` - a size hint on an immediate (e.g. `push dword 0`) */
283	        value_t v = eval_expr(ps, ln);
284	        o.kind = OPND_IMM;
285	        o.has_sym = v.has_sym;
286	        if (v.has_sym) safe_strcpy(o.sym, v.sym, MAX_NAME);
287	        o.disp = v.val;
288	        o.size_override = sz;
289	        return o;
290	    }
291	    if (line_peek(ln).kind == TK_LBRACK) {
292	        line_next(ln);
293	        o = parse_mem(ps, ln);
294	        return o;
295	    }
296	    if (line_peek(ln).kind == TK_IDENT) {
297	        const regdef_t *r = reg_lookup(line_peek(ln).text);
298	        if (r) {
299	            line_next(ln);
300	            o.kind = OPND_REG;
301	            o.reg = r->reg;
302	            return o;
303	        }
304	    }
305	    value_t v = eval_expr(ps, ln);
306	    o.kind = OPND_IMM;
307	    o.has_sym = v.has_sym;

82	/* --- register table --- */
83	
84	typedef struct { const char *name; reg_t reg; int size; } regdef_t;
85	static const regdef_t REGS[] = {
86	    {"al",R_AL,1},{"cl",R_CL,1},{"dl",R_DL,1},{"bl",R_BL,1},
87	    {"ah",R_AH,1},{"ch",R_CH,1},{"dh",R_DH,1},{"bh",R_BH,1},
88	    {"ax",R_AX,2},{"cx",R_CX,2},{"dx",R_DX,2},{"bx",R_BX,2},
89	    {"sp",R_SP,2},{"bp",R_BP,2},{"si",R_SI,2},{"di",R_DI,2},
90	    {"eax",R_EAX,4},{"ecx",R_ECX,4},{"edx",R_EDX,4},{"ebx",R_EBX,4},
91	    {"esp",R_ESP,4},{"ebp",R_EBP,4},{"esi",R_ESI,4},{"edi",R_EDI,4},
92	    {"es",R_ES,2},{"cs",R_CS,2},{"ss",R_SS,2},{"ds",R_DS,2},{"fs",R_FS,2},{"gs",R_GS,2},
93	    {"cr0",R_CR0,4},
94	};
95	
96	static const regdef_t *reg_lookup(const char *name) {
97	    for (size_t i = 0; i < sizeof(REGS) / sizeof(REGS[0]); i++) {
98	        if (strcmp(REGS[i].name, name) == 0) return &REGS[i];
99	    }
100	    return NULL;
101	}
102	
103	/* --- expression evaluation ---
104	 * Returns a value that's either a pure constant or "one symbol + constant
105	 * addend" - the only two shapes this codebase's expressions ever need
106	 * (see docs/toolchain.md). Symbols already defined fold to constants
107	 * immediately; at most one *undefined-so-far* symbol may appear. */
108	
109	typedef struct {
110	    int has_sym;
111	    char sym[MAX_NAME];
112	    int64_t val; /* constant, or addend when has_sym */
113	} value_t;
114	
115	static value_t val_const(int64_t v) { value_t r = {0, {0}, v}; return r; }
116	
117	static value_t eval_primary(pstate_t *ps, line_t *ln);
118	static value_t eval_expr(pstate_t *ps, line_t *ln);
119	
120	/* NASM-style local labels (`.name`) are scoped to the most recent
121	 * preceding global label - qualify to a unique internal name so
122	 * `.hang`/`.loop`/etc. reused across many labels don't collide. */
123	static void qualify_local(pstate_t *ps, const char *raw, char *out, size_t outsz) {
124	    if (raw[0] == '.') {
125	        size_t i = 0;
126	        const char *g = ps->ctx->last_global_label;
127	        for (; i + 1 < outsz && g[i]; i++) out[i] = g[i];
128	        for (size_t j = 0; i + 1 < outsz && raw[j]; i++, j++) out[i] = raw[j];
129	        out[i] = '\0';
130	    } else {
131	        safe_strcpy(out, raw, outsz);
132	    }
133	}
134	
135	static value_t val_add(pstate_t *ps, value_t a, value_t b, int negate_b) {
136	    if (a.has_sym && b.has_sym) {
137	        /* A difference of two labels already defined in the same
138	         * section is link-time-invariant (just a byte count), so it's
139	         * safe to fold to a plain constant regardless of context (EQU
140	         * or an operand/data value) - this is what gdt_end - gdt_start
141	         * and CODE_SEG/DATA_SEG rely on. Anything else combining two
142	         * still-symbolic values isn't needed by this codebase. */
143	        if (negate_b) {
144	            symbol_t *sa = sym_find(ps->ctx, a.sym);
145	            symbol_t *sb = sym_find(ps->ctx, b.sym);
146	            if (sa && sa->defined && sb && sb->defined && sa->section == sb->section) {
147	                int64_t diff = (int64_t)sa->offset - (int64_t)sb->offset;
148	                return val_const(diff + a.val - b.val);
149	            }
150	        }
151	        perr(ps, "expression combines two unresolved symbols");
152	        return val_const(0);
153	    }
154	    value_t r;
155	    r.has_sym = a.has_sym || b.has_sym;
156	    if (r.has_sym) {
157	        if (a.has_sym) { safe_strcpy(r.sym, a.sym, MAX_NAME); r.val = a.val + (negate_b ? -b.val : b.val); }
158	        else { safe_strcpy(r.sym, b.sym, MAX_NAME); r.val = (negate_b ? -b.val : b.val) + a.val; }
159	    } else {
160	        r.val = a.val + (negate_b ? -b.val : b.val);
161	        r.sym[0] = '\0';
162	    }
163	    return r;
164	}
165	
166	static value_t eval_primary(pstate_t *ps, line_t *ln) {
167	    token_t t = line_peek(ln);
168	    if (t.kind == TK_NUMBER) { line_next(ln); return val_const(t.number); }
169	    if (t.kind == TK_MINUS) {
170	        line_next(ln);
171	        value_t v = eval_primary(ps, ln);
172	        if (v.has_sym) { perr(ps, "cannot negate a symbol"); return val_const(0); }
173	        return val_const(-v.val);
174	    }
175	    if (t.kind == TK_LPAREN) {
176	        line_next(ln);
177	        value_t v = eval_expr(ps, ln);
178	        if (line_peek(ln).kind == TK_RPAREN) line_next(ln); else perr(ps, "expected )");
179	        return v;
180	    }
181	    if (t.kind == TK_DOLLAR) {
182	        line_next(ln);
183	        return val_const((int64_t)ps->offsets[ps->cur_section]);

560	             * continue_label rather than giving this frame its own. */
561	            safe_strcpy(lc.continue_label, g_loop ? g_loop->continue_label : "", MAX_NAME);
562	            g_loop = &lc;
563	            for (node_t *s = n->b->list; s; s = s->next) {
564	                if (s->kind == ND_CASE || s->kind == ND_DEFAULT) out("%s:\n", s->asm_label);
565	                else codegen_stmt(s);
566	            }
567	            g_loop = lc.parent;
568	            out("%s:\n", lend);
569	            return;
570	        }
571	        case ND_NOP:
572	            return;
573	        default:
574	            fprintf(stderr, "cc: internal error: unsupported statement kind %d\n", n->kind);
575	            exit(1);
576	    }
577	}
578	
579	/* ---------------- top level ---------------- */
580	
581	static void emit_data_bytes(node_t *init, type_t *t);
582	
583	static void emit_scalar_bytes(node_t *v, type_t *t) {
584	    if (t->kind == TY_CHAR) out("    db %lld\n", (long long)v->num);
585	    else out("    dd %lld\n", (long long)v->num);
586	}
587	
588	static void emit_data_bytes(node_t *init, type_t *t) {
589	    if (!init) {
590	        out("    resb %d\n", type_size(t));
591	        return;
592	    }
593	    if (t->kind == TY_ARRAY && init->kind == ND_BLOCK) {
594	        int count = 0;
595	        for (node_t *v = init->list; v; v = v->next) { emit_data_bytes(v, t->base); count++; }
596	        int pad = t->array_len - count;
597	        for (int i = 0; i < pad; i++) out("    resb %d\n", type_size(t->base));
598	        return;
599	    }
600	    if ((t->kind == TY_STRUCT || t->kind == TY_UNION) && init->kind == ND_BLOCK) {
601	        /* Positional: walk declared members alongside the initializer
602	         * list (no designated-initializer support - see
603	         * docs/toolchain.md). A union brace-init like value_t's
604	         * `{ VAL_INT, { 0 } }` naturally works here too: its one element
605	         * targets the first member at offset 0, and the trailing-padding
606	         * check below fills out the rest of the union's size. */
607	        member_t *m = t->members;
608	        node_t *v = init->list;
609	        int cur_off = 0;
610	        for (; m && v; m = m->next, v = v->next) {
611	            if (m->offset > cur_off) out("    resb %d\n", m->offset - cur_off);
612	            emit_data_bytes(v, m->type);
613	            cur_off = m->offset + type_size(m->type);
614	        }
615	        int total = type_size(t);
616	        if (total > cur_off) out("    resb %d\n", total - cur_off);
617	        return;
618	    }
619	    emit_scalar_bytes(init, t);

diff --git a/toolchain/as/parser.c b/toolchain/as/parser.c
index a6127f4..0463c2e 100644
--- a/toolchain/as/parser.c
+++ b/toolchain/as/parser.c
@@ -33,7 +33,13 @@ typedef struct {
 
 static token_t line_peek(line_t *ln) {
     if (ln->pos < ln->n) return ln->toks[ln->pos];
-    return (token_t){ .kind = TK_EOF };
+    /* Not a compound literal (CC doesn't support them - see
+     * docs/toolchain.md, Phase T3/T8): memset then set the one field
+     * that matters, same zeroed-rest semantics as `{ .kind = TK_EOF }`. */
+    token_t t;
+    memset(&t, 0, sizeof(t));
+    t.kind = TK_EOF;
+    return t;
 }
 static token_t line_next(line_t *ln) {
     token_t t = line_peek(ln);
@@ -88,7 +94,9 @@ static const regdef_t REGS[] = {
 };
 
 static const regdef_t *reg_lookup(const char *name) {
+    fprintf(stderr, "DBG: reg_lookup entered name=%s count=%d\n", name, (int)(sizeof(REGS) / sizeof(REGS[0])));
     for (size_t i = 0; i < sizeof(REGS) / sizeof(REGS[0]); i++) {
+        fprintf(stderr, "DBG: i=%d REGS[i].name_is_null=%d\n", (int)i, REGS[i].name == NULL);
         if (strcmp(REGS[i].name, name) == 0) return &REGS[i];
     }
     return NULL;
@@ -288,11 +296,14 @@ static operand_t parse_operand(pstate_t *ps, line_t *ln) {
         return o;
     }
     if (line_peek(ln).kind == TK_IDENT) {
+        fprintf(stderr, "DBG: parse_operand ident=%s\n", line_peek(ln).text);
         const regdef_t *r = reg_lookup(line_peek(ln).text);
+        fprintf(stderr, "DBG: reg_lookup returned nonnull=%d\n", r != NULL);
         if (r) {
             line_next(ln);
             o.kind = OPND_REG;
             o.reg = r->reg;
+            fprintf(stderr, "DBG: about to return o, kind=%d reg=%d\n", o.kind, o.reg);
             return o;
         }
     }
@@ -376,19 +387,26 @@ static void parse_data_directive(pstate_t *ps, line_t *ln, const char *mnem) {
 static void parse_rest_of_line(pstate_t *ps, line_t *ln);
 
 static void parse_line(pstate_t *ps, line_t *ln) {
+    fprintf(stderr, "DBG: parse_line n=%d line_no=%d\n", ln->n, ps->line_no);
     if (line_peek(ln).kind == TK_EOF) return;
 
     /* label: */
     if (line_peek(ln).kind == TK_IDENT) {
+        fprintf(stderr, "DBG: is ident, about to copy line_t\n");
         line_t save = *ln;
+        fprintf(stderr, "DBG: copied, save.n=%d\n", save.n);
         token_t name = line_next(ln);
+        fprintf(stderr, "DBG: name=%s\n", name.text);
         if (line_peek(ln).kind == TK_COLON) {
+            fprintf(stderr, "DBG: is colon, defining label\n");
             line_next(ln);
             define_label(ps, name.text);
+            fprintf(stderr, "DBG: label defined\n");
             parse_rest_of_line(ps, ln);
             return;
         }
         /* NAME equ EXPR */
+        fprintf(stderr, "DBG: checking equ\n");
         if (line_is_ident(ln, "equ")) {
             line_next(ln);
             value_t v = eval_expr(ps, ln);
@@ -398,16 +416,20 @@ static void parse_line(pstate_t *ps, line_t *ln) {
             s->equ_value = v.val;
             return;
         }
+        fprintf(stderr, "DBG: not equ, restoring ln from save\n");
         *ln = save;
+        fprintf(stderr, "DBG: restored\n");
     }
     parse_rest_of_line(ps, ln);
 }
 
 static void parse_rest_of_line(pstate_t *ps, line_t *ln) {
+    fprintf(stderr, "DBG: parse_rest_of_line entered\n");
     if (line_peek(ln).kind == TK_EOF || line_peek(ln).kind == TK_NEWLINE) return;
     if (line_peek(ln).kind != TK_IDENT) { perr(ps, "expected directive/instruction"); return; }
 
     token_t head = line_next(ln);
+    fprintf(stderr, "DBG: head=%s\n", head.text);
 
     if (ieq(head.text, "BITS")) { ps->bits = (int)line_next(ln).number; return; }
     if (ieq(head.text, "ORG")) {
@@ -473,12 +495,20 @@ static void parse_rest_of_line(pstate_t *ps, line_t *ln) {
     if (ieq(head.text, "dq")) { parse_data_directive(ps, ln, ".dq"); return; }
 
     /* instruction */
+    fprintf(stderr, "DBG: reached instruction parsing for %s\n", head.text);
     stmt_t st = {0};
+    fprintf(stderr, "DBG: st zeroed\n");
     safe_strcpy(st.mnemonic, head.text, sizeof(st.mnemonic));
+    fprintf(stderr, "DBG: mnemonic copied\n");
     for (char *p = st.mnemonic; *p; p++) *p = (char)tolower((unsigned char)*p);
+    fprintf(stderr, "DBG: lowercased\n");
 
     if (line_peek(ln).kind != TK_NEWLINE && line_peek(ln).kind != TK_EOF) {
-        st.ops[0] = parse_operand(ps, ln);
+        fprintf(stderr, "DBG: about to parse_operand\n");
+        operand_t o0 = parse_operand(ps, ln);
+        fprintf(stderr, "DBG: parsed operand kind=%d\n", o0.kind);
+        st.ops[0] = o0;
+        fprintf(stderr, "DBG: assigned to ops[0]\n");
         st.nops = 1;
         /* far jmp: `jmp SEG:OFFSET` - the value just parsed as ops[0] is
          * actually the segment; re-read it as ops[0].far_seg and parse

int main(void) {
    int sum = 0;
    int i = 0;
    while (i < 5) {
        sum = sum + i;
        i = i + 1;
    }
    /* sum = 0+1+2+3+4 = 10 */

    for (int j = 0; j < 3; j++) {
        sum = sum + 1;
    }
    /* sum = 13 */

    int k = 0;
    do {
        k++;
    } while (k < 4);
    sum = sum + k; /* sum = 17 */

    if (sum > 15) {
        sum = sum + 100;
    } else {
        sum = 0;
    }
    /* sum = 117 */

    int total = 0;
    for (int n = 0; n < 10; n++) {
        if (n == 5) continue;
        if (n == 8) break;
        total = total + 1;
    }
    /* n=0..4 (5), skip 5, n=6,7 (2), break at 8: total = 7 */

    return sum - 117 + total; /* expect 7 */
}

904	static node_t *parse_one_local_decl(parser_t *p, type_t *base, int is_static) {
905	    char name[MAX_NAME];
906	    type_t *t = parse_declarator(p, base, name, NULL, NULL);
907	    sym_t *s = add_local(p, name, t, is_static);
908	    node_t *n = node_new(ND_VAR_DECL);
909	    safe_strcpy(n->name, name, MAX_NAME);
910	    n->type = t;
911	    n->is_static_local = is_static;
912	    safe_strcpy(n->asm_label, s->asm_label, MAX_NAME);
913	    n->frame_offset = s->frame_offset;
914	    if (match(p, TK_ASSIGN)) n->init = parse_initializer(p);
915	    /* Same `T name[] = { ... }` size-inference fix as parse_global_var -
916	     * needed here too for e.g. a function-local `static const T ops[] =
917	     * {...};` (used throughout the kernel's scripting-language parser
918	     * files) - see that function's comment for why array_len otherwise
919	     * silently means sizeof(name) == 0. */
920	    if (t->kind == TY_ARRAY && t->array_len < 0 && n->init && n->init->kind == ND_BLOCK) {
921	        int count = 0;
922	        for (node_t *v = n->init->list; v; v = v->next) count++;
923	        t->array_len = count;
924	    }
925	    return n;
926	}
927	
928	static node_t *parse_local_decl_stmt(parser_t *p) {
929	    int is_static = 0, is_extern = 0;
930	    type_t *base = parse_type_spec(p, &is_static, &is_extern);
931	    node_t *head = parse_one_local_decl(p, base, is_static);
932	    node_t *tail = head;
933	    while (match(p, TK_COMMA)) {
934	        node_t *n = parse_one_local_decl(p, base, is_static);
935	        tail->next = n;
936	        tail = n;
937	    }
938	    expect(p, TK_SEMI);
939	    return head;
940	}
941	
942	static node_t *parse_stmt(parser_t *p) {
943	    if (check(p, TK_LBRACE)) return parse_block(p);
944	
945	    if (match_kw(p, "if")) {
946	        expect(p, TK_LPAREN);
947	        node_t *n = node_new(ND_IF);
948	        n->a = parse_expr(p);

<persisted-output>
Output too large (47KB). Full output saved to: /home/martin/.claude/projects/-home-martin-workspace-prototypes-boot-to-claude/03468d1c-5b29-4e24-8f0d-2a7435d227ab/tool-results/bli5m6yti.txt

Preview (first 2KB):
DBG: parse_one_local_decl entered is_static=0
DBG: declarator parsed name=i
DBG: add_local entered name=i
DBG: calloc done
DBG: name copied
DBG: about to type_size
DBG: type_size=4
DBG: add_local returning
DBG: add_local done
DBG: parse_one_local_decl entered is_static=0
DBG: declarator parsed name=t
DBG: add_local entered name=t
DBG: calloc done
DBG: name copied
DBG: about to type_size
DBG: type_size=276
DBG: add_local returning
DBG: add_local done
DBG: parse_one_local_decl entered is_static=0
DBG: declarator parsed name=s
DBG: add_local entered name=s
DBG: calloc done
DBG: name copied
DBG: about to type_size
DBG: type_size=4
DBG: add_local returning
DBG: add_local done
DBG: parse_one_local_decl entered is_static=0
DBG: declarator parsed name=s
DBG: add_local entered name=s
DBG: calloc done
DBG: name copied
DBG: about to type_size
DBG: type_size=4
DBG: add_local returning
DBG: add_local done
DBG: parse_one_local_decl entered is_static=0
DBG: declarator parsed name=s
DBG: add_local entered name=s
DBG: calloc done
DBG: name copied
DBG: about to type_size
DBG: type_size=4
DBG: add_local returning
DBG: add_local done
DBG: parse_one_local_decl entered is_static=0
DBG: declarator parsed name=t
DBG: add_local entered name=t
DBG: calloc done
DBG: name copied
DBG: about to type_size
DBG: type_size=4
DBG: add_local returning
DBG: add_local done
DBG: parse_one_local_decl entered is_static=0
DBG: declarator parsed name=s
DBG: add_local entered name=s
DBG: calloc done
DBG: name copied
DBG: about to type_size
DBG: type_size=4
DBG: add_local returning
DBG: add_local done
DBG: parse_one_local_decl entered is_static=0
DBG: declarator parsed name=s
DBG: add_local entered name=s
DBG: calloc done
DBG: name copied
DBG: about to type_size
DBG: type_size=4
DBG: add_local returning
DBG: add_local done
DBG: parse_one_local_decl entered is_static=0
DBG: declarator parsed name=s
DBG: add_local entered name=s
DBG: calloc done
DBG: name copied
DBG: about to type_size
DBG: type_size=4
...
</persisted-output>

DBG: about to type_size
DBG: type_size=1024
DBG: add_local returning
DBG: add_local done
DBG: parse_one_local_decl entered is_static=0
DBG: declarator parsed name=n_params
DBG: add_local entered name=n_params
DBG: calloc done
DBG: name copied
DBG: about to type_size
DBG: type_size=4
DBG: add_local returning
DBG: add_local done
DBG: parse_one_local_decl entered is_static=0
DBG: declarator parsed name=name
DBG: add_local entered name=name
DBG: calloc done
DBG: name copied
DBG: about to type_size
DBG: type_size=64
DBG: add_local returning
DBG: add_local done
DBG: parse_one_local_decl entered is_static=0
DBG: declarator parsed name=t
DBG: add_local entered name=t
DBG: calloc done
DBG: name copied
DBG: about to type_size
DBG: type_size=4
DBG: add_local returning
DBG: add_local done
DBG: parse_one_local_decl entered is_static=0
DBG: declarator parsed name=name2
DBG: add_local entered name=name2
DBG: calloc done
DBG: name copied
DBG: about to type_size
DBG: type_size=64
DBG: add_local returning
DBG: add_local done
DBG: parse_one_local_decl entered is_static=0
DBG: declarator parsed name=t2
DBG: add_local entered name=t2
DBG: calloc done
DBG: name copied
DBG: about to type_size
DBG: type_size=4
DBG: add_local returning
DBG: add_local done
DBG: parse_one_local_decl entered is_static=0
DBG: declarator parsed name=more
DBG: add_local entered name=more
DBG: calloc done
DBG: name copied
DBG: about to type_size
DBG: type_size=4
DBG: add_local returning
DBG: add_local done
/bin/bash: line 14: 3726979 Segmentation fault      (core dumped) timeout 5 ./build/stage2/cc -Itoolchain/include --target=host --parse-only /tmp/ty.c
exit=139

<persisted-output>
Output too large (312.6KB). Full output saved to: /home/martin/.claude/projects/-home-martin-workspace-prototypes-boot-to-claude/03468d1c-5b29-4e24-8f0d-2a7435d227ab/tool-results/b0d1c8lcd.txt

Preview (first 2KB):
DBG: is_type_start entered
DBG: kws array built, kws[0]=void
DBG: i=0 kws[i]=void
DBG: i=1 kws[i]=char
DBG: i=2 kws[i]=short
DBG: i=3 kws[i]=int
DBG: i=4 kws[i]=long
DBG: i=5 kws[i]=signed
DBG: i=6 kws[i]=unsigned
DBG: i=7 kws[i]=struct
DBG: i=8 kws[i]=union
DBG: i=9 kws[i]=enum
DBG: i=10 kws[i]=const
DBG: i=11 kws[i]=volatile
DBG: i=12 kws[i]=static
DBG: i=13 kws[i]=extern
DBG: falling to is_typedef_name
DBG: parse_local_decl_stmt entered
DBG: type_spec parsed
DBG: parse_one_local_decl entered is_static=0
DBG: declarator parsed name=i
DBG: add_local entered name=i
DBG: calloc done
DBG: name copied
DBG: about to type_size
DBG: type_size=4
DBG: add_local returning
DBG: add_local done
DBG: is_type_start entered
DBG: kws array built, kws[0]=void
DBG: i=0 kws[i]=void
DBG: i=1 kws[i]=char
DBG: i=2 kws[i]=short
DBG: i=3 kws[i]=int
DBG: i=4 kws[i]=long
DBG: i=5 kws[i]=signed
DBG: i=6 kws[i]=unsigned
DBG: i=7 kws[i]=struct
DBG: i=8 kws[i]=union
DBG: i=9 kws[i]=enum
DBG: i=10 kws[i]=const
DBG: i=11 kws[i]=volatile
DBG: i=12 kws[i]=static
DBG: i=13 kws[i]=extern
DBG: falling to is_typedef_name
DBG: is_type_start entered
DBG: kws array built, kws[0]=void
DBG: i=0 kws[i]=void
DBG: i=1 kws[i]=char
DBG: i=2 kws[i]=short
DBG: i=3 kws[i]=int
DBG: i=4 kws[i]=long
DBG: i=5 kws[i]=signed
DBG: i=6 kws[i]=unsigned
DBG: i=7 kws[i]=struct
DBG: i=8 kws[i]=union
DBG: i=9 kws[i]=enum
DBG: i=10 kws[i]=const
DBG: i=11 kws[i]=volatile
DBG: i=12 kws[i]=static
DBG: i=13 kws[i]=extern
DBG: falling to is_typedef_name
DBG: is_type_start entered
DBG: kws array built, kws[0]=void
DBG: i=0 kws[i]=void
DBG: i=1 kws[i]=char
DBG: i=2 kws[i]=short
DBG: i=3 kws[i]=int
DBG: i=4 kws[i]=long
DBG: i=5 kws[i]=signed
DBG: i=6 kws[i]=unsigned
DBG: i=7 kws[i]=struct
DBG: i=8 kws[i]=union
DBG: i=9 kws[i]=enum
DBG: i=10 kws[i]=const
DBG: i=11 kws[i]=volatile
DBG: i=12 kws[i]=static
DBG: i=13 kws[i]=extern
DBG: falling to is_typedef_name
DBG: is_type_start entered
DBG: not ident, return 0
DBG: is_type_start entered
...
</persisted-output>

DBG: i=7 kws[i]=struct
DBG: i=8 kws[i]=union
DBG: i=9 kws[i]=enum
DBG: i=10 kws[i]=const
DBG: i=11 kws[i]=volatile
DBG: i=12 kws[i]=static
DBG: i=13 kws[i]=extern
DBG: falling to is_typedef_name
DBG: is_type_start entered
DBG: kws array built, kws[0]=void
DBG: i=0 kws[i]=void
DBG: i=1 kws[i]=char
DBG: i=2 kws[i]=short
DBG: i=3 kws[i]=int
DBG: i=4 kws[i]=long
DBG: i=5 kws[i]=signed
DBG: i=6 kws[i]=unsigned
DBG: i=7 kws[i]=struct
DBG: i=8 kws[i]=union
DBG: i=9 kws[i]=enum
DBG: i=10 kws[i]=const
DBG: i=11 kws[i]=volatile
DBG: i=12 kws[i]=static
DBG: i=13 kws[i]=extern
DBG: falling to is_typedef_name
DBG: is_type_start entered
DBG: kws array built, kws[0]=void
DBG: i=0 kws[i]=void
DBG: i=1 kws[i]=char
DBG: i=2 kws[i]=short
DBG: i=3 kws[i]=int
DBG: i=4 kws[i]=long
DBG: i=5 kws[i]=signed
DBG: i=6 kws[i]=unsigned
DBG: i=7 kws[i]=struct
DBG: i=8 kws[i]=union
DBG: i=9 kws[i]=enum
DBG: i=10 kws[i]=const
DBG: i=11 kws[i]=volatile
DBG: i=12 kws[i]=static
DBG: i=13 kws[i]=extern
DBG: falling to is_typedef_name
DBG: is_type_start entered
DBG: kws array built, kws[0]=void
DBG: i=0 kws[i]=void
DBG: i=1 kws[i]=char
DBG: i=2 kws[i]=short
DBG: i=3 kws[i]=int
DBG: i=4 kws[i]=long
DBG: i=5 kws[i]=signed
DBG: i=6 kws[i]=unsigned
DBG: i=7 kws[i]=struct
DBG: i=8 kws[i]=union
DBG: i=9 kws[i]=enum
DBG: i=10 kws[i]=const
DBG: i=11 kws[i]=volatile
DBG: i=12 kws[i]=static
DBG: i=13 kws[i]=extern
DBG: falling to is_typedef_name
DBG: is_type_start entered
DBG: kws array built, kws[0]=void
DBG: i=0 kws[i]=void
DBG: i=1 kws[i]=char
DBG: i=2 kws[i]=short
DBG: i=3 kws[i]=int
DBG: i=4 kws[i]=long
DBG: i=5 kws[i]=signed
DBG: i=6 kws[i]=unsigned
DBG: i=7 kws[i]=struct
DBG: i=8 kws[i]=union
DBG: i=9 kws[i]=enum
DBG: i=10 kws[i]=const
DBG: i=11 kws[i]=volatile
DBG: i=12 kws[i]=static
DBG: i=13 kws[i]=extern
DBG: falling to is_typedef_name
DBG: is_type_start entered
DBG: kws array built, kws[0]=void
DBG: i=0 kws[i]=void
exit=139

diff --git a/toolchain/cc/parser.c b/toolchain/cc/parser.c
index 18c5bb9..ebde1a7 100644
--- a/toolchain/cc/parser.c
+++ b/toolchain/cc/parser.c
@@ -101,19 +101,26 @@ static sym_t *add_global(parser_t *p, const char *name, type_t *type) {
 }
 
 static sym_t *add_local(parser_t *p, const char *name, type_t *type, int is_static) {
+    fprintf(stderr, "DBG: add_local entered name=%s\n", name);
     sym_t *s = calloc(1, sizeof(sym_t));
+    fprintf(stderr, "DBG: calloc done\n");
     safe_strcpy(s->name, name, MAX_NAME);
+    fprintf(stderr, "DBG: name copied\n");
     s->type = type;
     if (is_static) {
         s->is_static_local = 1;
         snprintf(s->asm_label, MAX_NAME, "__static_%d", p->next_static_id++);
     } else {
-        p->frame_size += type_size(type) < 4 ? 4 : type_size(type); /* min 4-byte slots - simplicity over density */
+        fprintf(stderr, "DBG: about to type_size\n");
+        int sz = type_size(type);
+        fprintf(stderr, "DBG: type_size=%d\n", sz);
+        p->frame_size += sz < 4 ? 4 : sz; /* min 4-byte slots - simplicity over density */
         p->frame_size = (p->frame_size + 3) & ~3;
         s->frame_offset = -p->frame_size;
     }
     s->next = p->locals;
     p->locals = s;
+    fprintf(stderr, "DBG: add_local returning\n");
     return s;
 }
 
@@ -126,6 +133,8 @@ static node_t *parse_unary(parser_t *p);
 static type_t *parse_type_name(parser_t *p); /* for casts/sizeof(type) */
 static node_t *parse_stmt(parser_t *p);
 static node_t *parse_block(parser_t *p);
+static node_t *make_binop(tok_kind_t op, node_t *a, node_t *b); /* for va_start/va_arg desugaring */
+static type_t *parse_array_dims(parser_t *p, type_t *base); /* for multi-dim array param decay */
 
 /* Array bounds and enum values in this codebase are often macro
  * constants that expand to a small arithmetic expression (e.g.
@@ -168,11 +177,17 @@ static int64_t parse_const_expr(parser_t *p) {
 static member_t *parse_struct_members(parser_t *p);
 
 static int is_type_start(parser_t *p) {
-    if (!check(p, TK_IDENT)) return 0;
+    fprintf(stderr, "DBG: is_type_start entered pos=%d curtext=%s curkind=%d\n", p->pos, cur(p).text, cur(p).kind);
+    if (!check(p, TK_IDENT)) { fprintf(stderr, "DBG: not ident, return 0\n"); return 0; }
     const char *kws[] = { "void", "char", "short", "int", "long", "signed", "unsigned",
                            "struct", "union", "enum", "const", "volatile", "static", "extern", NULL };
-    for (int i = 0; kws[i]; i++) if (strcmp(cur(p).text, kws[i]) == 0) return 1;
-    return is_typedef_name(p, cur(p).text);
+    for (int i = 0; kws[i]; i++) {
+        if (strcmp(cur(p).text, kws[i]) == 0) { fprintf(stderr, "DBG: matched kw %s, return 1\n", kws[i]); return 1; }
+    }
+    fprintf(stderr, "DBG: falling to is_typedef_name for '%s'\n", cur(p).text);
+    int r = is_typedef_name(p, cur(p).text);
+    fprintf(stderr, "DBG: is_typedef_name returned %d\n", r);
+    return r;
 }
 
 /* Parses base type specifiers + storage class; returns the type and sets
@@ -358,6 +373,14 @@ static type_t *parse_param_list(parser_t *p, char names[][MAX_NAME], int *n_name
     if (check(p, TK_RPAREN)) return NULL;
     if (is_kw(p, "void") && p->toks[p->pos + 1].kind == TK_RPAREN) { advance(p); return NULL; }
     for (;;) {
+        /* `...` (variadic tail, e.g. `fprintf`'s or codegen.c's own
+         * `out(const char *fmt, ...)`): stops named-parameter parsing
+         * here with no further storage of its own - call sites don't
+         * check argument counts against a prototype (each call arg is
+         * parsed/pushed independently, see codegen_call_or_builtin), so
+         * nothing downstream needs to know this function is variadic
+         * beyond "stop expecting more named params". */
+        if (check(p, TK_ELLIPSIS)) { advance(p); break; }
         type_t *base = parse_type_spec(p, NULL, NULL);
         type_t *pt = base;
         char nm[MAX_NAME] = {0};
@@ -381,10 +404,23 @@ static type_t *parse_param_list(parser_t *p, char names[][MAX_NAME], int *n_name
             pt = ptr_to(functy);
         } else {
             if (check(p, TK_IDENT)) { safe_strcpy(nm, cur(p).text, MAX_NAME); advance(p); }
-            while (match(p, TK_LBRACKET)) {
-                if (!check(p, TK_RBRACKET)) advance(p);
+            if (check(p, TK_LBRACKET)) {
+                /* Only the *outermost* dimension decays to a pointer -
+                 * `T x[][M]` as a parameter is `T (*x)[M]`, not `T**`.
+                 * (Real bug: parse_param_list's own declaration, right
+                 * here in this file, is `char names[][MAX_NAME]` - Phase
+                 * T8's self-hosting build is what first parsed this
+                 * function's signature through CC instead of gcc, and
+                 * the old always-ptr_to-every-bracket version silently
+                 * mis-typed its own `names` parameter as char**, making
+                 * every `names[n]` inside this same function index by
+                 * 4-byte pointer strides instead of MAX_NAME-byte array
+                 * strides - see docs/toolchain.md.) */
+                advance(p); /* consume the outer '[' */
+                if (!check(p, TK_RBRACKET)) advance(p); /* its size, if any - irrelevant for a param */
                 expect(p, TK_RBRACKET);
-                pt = ptr_to(pt); /* array param decays to pointer */
+                pt = parse_array_dims(p, pt); /* any further [N] groups stay real array dims */

900	    return parse_assign(p);
901	}
902	
903	/* ---------------- statements ---------------- */
904	
905	static node_t *parse_one_local_decl(parser_t *p, type_t *base, int is_static) {
906	    fprintf(stderr, "DBG: parse_one_local_decl entered is_static=%d\n", is_static);
907	    char name[MAX_NAME];
908	    type_t *t = parse_declarator(p, base, name, NULL, NULL);
909	    fprintf(stderr, "DBG: declarator parsed name=%s\n", name);
910	    sym_t *s = add_local(p, name, t, is_static);
911	    fprintf(stderr, "DBG: add_local done\n");
912	    node_t *n = node_new(ND_VAR_DECL);
913	    safe_strcpy(n->name, name, MAX_NAME);
914	    n->type = t;
915	    n->is_static_local = is_static;
916	    safe_strcpy(n->asm_label, s->asm_label, MAX_NAME);
917	    n->frame_offset = s->frame_offset;
918	    if (match(p, TK_ASSIGN)) n->init = parse_initializer(p);
919	    /* Same `T name[] = { ... }` size-inference fix as parse_global_var -
920	     * needed here too for e.g. a function-local `static const T ops[] =
921	     * {...};` (used throughout the kernel's scripting-language parser
922	     * files) - see that function's comment for why array_len otherwise
923	     * silently means sizeof(name) == 0. */
924	    if (t->kind == TY_ARRAY && t->array_len < 0 && n->init && n->init->kind == ND_BLOCK) {
925	        int count = 0;
926	        for (node_t *v = n->init->list; v; v = v->next) count++;
927	        t->array_len = count;
928	    }
929	    return n;
930	}
931	
932	static node_t *parse_local_decl_stmt(parser_t *p) {
933	    fprintf(stderr, "DBG: parse_local_decl_stmt entered\n");
934	    int is_static = 0, is_extern = 0;
935	    type_t *base = parse_type_spec(p, &is_static, &is_extern);
936	    fprintf(stderr, "DBG: type_spec parsed\n");
937	    node_t *head = parse_one_local_decl(p, base, is_static);
938	    node_t *tail = head;
939	    while (match(p, TK_COMMA)) {

     1	BITS 32
     2	section .text
     3	strcmp2:
     4	    push ebp
     5	    mov ebp, esp
     6	.L0:
     7	    lea eax, [ebp+8]
     8	    mov eax, [eax]
     9	    movzx eax, byte [eax]
    10	    cmp eax, 0
    11	    je .L2
    12	    lea eax, [ebp+12]
    13	    mov eax, [eax]
    14	    movzx eax, byte [eax]
    15	    push eax
    16	    lea eax, [ebp+8]
    17	    mov eax, [eax]
    18	    movzx eax, byte [eax]
    19	    pop ecx
    20	    cmp eax, ecx
    21	    sete al
    22	    movzx eax, al
    23	    cmp eax, 0
    24	    je .L2
    25	    mov eax, 1
    26	    jmp .L3
    27	.L2:
    28	    mov eax, 0
    29	.L3:
    30	    cmp eax, 0
    31	    je .L1
    32	    lea eax, [ebp+8]
    33	    mov ecx, eax
    34	    mov eax, [ecx]
    35	    mov edx, eax
    36	    add eax, 1
    37	    mov [ecx], eax
    38	    mov eax, edx
    39	    lea eax, [ebp+12]
    40	    mov ecx, eax
    41	    mov eax, [ecx]
    42	    mov edx, eax
    43	    add eax, 1
    44	    mov [ecx], eax
    45	    mov eax, edx
    46	    jmp .L0
    47	.L1:
    48	    lea eax, [ebp+12]
    49	    mov eax, [eax]
    50	    movzx eax, byte [eax]
    51	    movzx eax, al
    52	    push eax
    53	    lea eax, [ebp+8]
    54	    mov eax, [eax]
    55	    movzx eax, byte [eax]
    56	    movzx eax, al
    57	    pop ecx
    58	    sub eax, ecx
    59	    mov esp, ebp
    60	    pop ebp
    61	    ret
    62	    mov eax, 0
    63	    mov esp, ebp
    64	    pop ebp
    65	    ret
    66	cur:
    67	    push ebp
    68	    mov ebp, esp
    69	    lea eax, [ebp+12]
    70	    mov eax, [eax]
    71	    add eax, 8
    72	    mov eax, [eax]
    73	    push eax
    74	    lea eax, [ebp+12]
    75	    mov eax, [eax]
    76	    mov eax, [eax]
    77	    pop ecx
    78	    imul ecx, ecx, 276
    79	    add eax, ecx
    80	    mov ecx, [ebp+8]
    81	    push eax
    82	    push ecx
    83	    mov edx, 0
    84	.L4:
    85	    cmp edx, 276
    86	    jge .L5
    87	    mov eax, [esp+4]
    88	    add eax, edx
    89	    movzx eax, byte [eax]
    90	    mov ecx, [esp]
    91	    add ecx, edx
    92	    mov [ecx], al
    93	    add edx, 1
    94	    jmp .L4
    95	.L5:
    96	    add esp, 8
    97	    mov eax, [ebp+8]
    98	    mov esp, ebp
    99	    pop ebp
   100	    ret
   101	    mov eax, 0
   102	    mov esp, ebp
   103	    pop ebp
   104	    ret
   105	check:
   106	    push ebp
   107	    mov ebp, esp
   108	    sub esp, 276
   109	    lea eax, [ebp+12]
   110	    mov eax, [eax]
   111	    push eax
   112	    lea eax, [ebp+8]
   113	    mov eax, [eax]
   114	    push eax
   115	    lea eax, [ebp-276]
   116	    push eax
   117	    call cur
   118	    add esp, 8
   119	    mov eax, [eax]
   120	    pop ecx
   121	    cmp eax, ecx
   122	    sete al
   123	    movzx eax, al
   124	    mov esp, ebp
   125	    pop ebp
   126	    ret
   127	    mov eax, 0
   128	    mov esp, ebp
   129	    pop ebp
   130	    ret
   131	is_type_start:
   132	    push ebp
   133	    mov ebp, esp
   134	    sub esp, 284
   135	    mov eax, 1
   136	    push eax
   137	    lea eax, [ebp+8]
   138	    mov eax, [eax]
   139	    push eax
   140	    call check
   141	    add esp, 8
   142	    cmp eax, 0
   143	    sete al
   144	    movzx eax, al
   145	    cmp eax, 0
   146	    je .L6
   147	    mov eax, 0
   148	    mov esp, ebp
   149	    pop ebp
   150	    ret
   151	    jmp .L7
   152	.L6:
   153	.L7:
   154	    push ecx
   155	    mov ecx, 0
   156	.L8:
   157	    cmp ecx, 60
   158	    jge .L9
   159	    lea eax, [ebp-4]
   160	    add eax, ecx
   161	    mov byte [eax], 0
   162	    add ecx, 1
   163	    jmp .L8
   164	.L9:
   165	    pop ecx
   166	    lea eax, [ebp-4]
   167	    push eax
   168	    lea eax, [__str_0]
   169	    pop ecx
   170	    mov [ecx], eax
   171	    lea eax, [ebp+0]
   172	    push eax
   173	    lea eax, [__str_1]
   174	    pop ecx
   175	    mov [ecx], eax
   176	    lea eax, [ebp+4]
   177	    push eax
   178	    lea eax, [__str_2]
   179	    pop ecx
   180	    mov [ecx], eax
   181	    lea eax, [ebp+8]
   182	    push eax
   183	    lea eax, [__str_3]
   184	    pop ecx
   185	    mov [ecx], eax
   186	    lea eax, [ebp+12]
   187	    push eax
   188	    lea eax, [__str_4]
   189	    pop ecx
   190	    mov [ecx], eax
   191	    lea eax, [ebp+16]
   192	    push eax
   193	    lea eax, [__str_5]
   194	    pop ecx
   195	    mov [ecx], eax
   196	    lea eax, [ebp+20]
   197	    push eax
   198	    lea eax, [__str_6]
   199	    pop ecx
   200	    mov [ecx], eax
   201	    lea eax, [ebp+24]
   202	    push eax
   203	    lea eax, [__str_7]
   204	    pop ecx
   205	    mov [ecx], eax
   206	    lea eax, [ebp+28]
   207	    push eax
   208	    lea eax, [__str_8]
   209	    pop ecx
   210	    mov [ecx], eax
   211	    lea eax, [ebp+32]
   212	    push eax
   213	    lea eax, [__str_9]
   214	    pop ecx
   215	    mov [ecx], eax
   216	    lea eax, [ebp+36]
   217	    push eax
   218	    lea eax, [__str_10]
   219	    pop ecx
   220	    mov [ecx], eax
   221	    lea eax, [ebp+40]
   222	    push eax
   223	    lea eax, [__str_11]
   224	    pop ecx
   225	    mov [ecx], eax
   226	    lea eax, [ebp+44]
   227	    push eax
   228	    lea eax, [__str_12]
   229	    pop ecx
   230	    mov [ecx], eax
   231	    lea eax, [ebp+48]
   232	    push eax
   233	    lea eax, [__str_13]
   234	    pop ecx
   235	    mov [ecx], eax
   236	    lea eax, [ebp+52]
   237	    push eax
   238	    mov eax, 0
   239	    pop ecx
   240	    mov [ecx], eax
   241	    lea eax, [ebp-8]
   242	    push eax
   243	    mov eax, 0
   244	    pop ecx
   245	    mov [ecx], eax
   246	.L10:
   247	    lea eax, [ebp-8]
   248	    mov eax, [eax]
   249	    push eax
   250	    lea eax, [ebp-4]
   251	    pop ecx
   252	    imul ecx, ecx, 4
   253	    add eax, ecx
   254	    mov eax, [eax]
   255	    cmp eax, 0
   256	    je .L11
   257	    mov eax, 0
   258	    push eax
   259	    lea eax, [ebp-8]
   260	    mov eax, [eax]
   261	    push eax
   262	    lea eax, [ebp-4]
   263	    pop ecx
   264	    imul ecx, ecx, 4
   265	    add eax, ecx
   266	    mov eax, [eax]
   267	    push eax
   268	    lea eax, [ebp+8]
   269	    mov eax, [eax]
   270	    push eax
   271	    lea eax, [ebp-284]
   272	    push eax
   273	    call cur
   274	    add esp, 8
   275	    add eax, 4
   276	    push eax
   277	    call strcmp2
   278	    add esp, 8
   279	    pop ecx
   280	    cmp eax, ecx
   281	    sete al
   282	    movzx eax, al
   283	    cmp eax, 0
   284	    je .L13
   285	    mov eax, 1
   286	    mov esp, ebp
   287	    pop ebp
   288	    ret
   289	    jmp .L14
   290	.L13:
   291	.L14:
   292	.L12:
   293	    lea eax, [ebp-8]
   294	    mov ecx, eax
   295	    mov eax, [ecx]
   296	    mov edx, eax
   297	    add eax, 1
   298	    mov [ecx], eax
   299	    mov eax, edx
   300	    jmp .L10
   301	.L11:
   302	    mov eax, 0
   303	    mov esp, ebp
   304	    pop ebp
   305	    ret
   306	    mov eax, 0
   307	    mov esp, ebp
   308	    pop ebp
   309	    ret
   310	global main
   311	main:
   312	    push ebp
   313	    mov ebp, esp
   314	    sub esp, 12
   315	    mov eax, 0
   316	    push eax
   317	    lea eax, [g_toks]
   318	    pop ecx
   319	    imul ecx, ecx, 276
   320	    add eax, ecx
   321	    push eax
   322	    mov eax, 1
   323	    pop ecx
   324	    mov [ecx], eax
   325	    mov eax, 0
   326	    push eax
   327	    mov eax, 0
   328	    push eax
   329	    lea eax, [g_toks]
   330	    pop ecx
   331	    imul ecx, ecx, 276
   332	    add eax, ecx
   333	    add eax, 4
   334	    pop ecx
   335	    add eax, ecx
   336	    push eax
   337	    mov eax, 105
   338	    pop ecx
   339	    mov [ecx], al
   340	    mov eax, 1
   341	    push eax
   342	    mov eax, 0
   343	    push eax
   344	    lea eax, [g_toks]
   345	    pop ecx
   346	    imul ecx, ecx, 276
   347	    add eax, ecx
   348	    add eax, 4
   349	    pop ecx
   350	    add eax, ecx
   351	    push eax
   352	    mov eax, 110
   353	    pop ecx
   354	    mov [ecx], al
   355	    mov eax, 2
   356	    push eax
   357	    mov eax, 0
   358	    push eax
   359	    lea eax, [g_toks]
   360	    pop ecx
   361	    imul ecx, ecx, 276
   362	    add eax, ecx
   363	    add eax, 4
   364	    pop ecx
   365	    add eax, ecx
   366	    push eax
   367	    mov eax, 116
   368	    pop ecx
   369	    mov [ecx], al
   370	    mov eax, 3
   371	    push eax
   372	    mov eax, 0
   373	    push eax
   374	    lea eax, [g_toks]
   375	    pop ecx
   376	    imul ecx, ecx, 276
   377	    add eax, ecx
   378	    add eax, 4
   379	    pop ecx
   380	    add eax, ecx
   381	    push eax
   382	    mov eax, 0
   383	    pop ecx
   384	    mov [ecx], al
   385	    mov eax, 1
   386	    push eax
   387	    lea eax, [g_toks]
   388	    pop ecx
   389	    imul ecx, ecx, 276
   390	    add eax, ecx
   391	    push eax
   392	    mov eax, 0
   393	    pop ecx
   394	    mov [ecx], eax
   395	    lea eax, [ebp-12]
   396	    push eax
   397	    lea eax, [g_toks]
   398	    pop ecx
   399	    mov [ecx], eax
   400	    lea eax, [ebp-12]
   401	    add eax, 4
   402	    push eax
   403	    mov eax, 2
   404	    pop ecx
   405	    mov [ecx], eax
   406	    lea eax, [ebp-12]
   407	    add eax, 8
   408	    push eax
   409	    mov eax, 0
   410	    pop ecx
   411	    mov [ecx], eax
   412	    lea eax, [ebp-12]
   413	    push eax
   414	    call is_type_start
   415	    add esp, 4
   416	    mov esp, ebp
   417	    pop ebp
   418	    ret
   419	    mov eax, 0
   420	    mov esp, ebp
   421	    pop ebp
   422	    ret
   423	global _start
   424	_start:
   425	    mov eax, [esp]
   426	    lea ecx, [esp+4]
   427	    push ecx
   428	    push eax
   429	    call main
   430	    mov ebx, eax
   431	    mov eax, 1
   432	    int 0x80
   433	section .rodata
   434	__str_0:
   435	    db 118
   436	    db 111
   437	    db 105
   438	    db 100
   439	    db 0
   440	__str_1:
   441	    db 99
   442	    db 104
   443	    db 97
   444	    db 114
   445	    db 0
   446	__str_2:
   447	    db 115
   448	    db 104
   449	    db 111
   450	    db 114
   451	    db 116
   452	    db 0
   453	__str_3:
   454	    db 105
   455	    db 110
   456	    db 116
   457	    db 0
   458	__str_4:
   459	    db 108
   460	    db 111
   461	    db 110
   462	    db 103
   463	    db 0
   464	__str_5:
   465	    db 115
   466	    db 105
   467	    db 103
   468	    db 110
   469	    db 101
   470	    db 100
   471	    db 0
   472	__str_6:
   473	    db 117
   474	    db 110
   475	    db 115
   476	    db 105
   477	    db 103
   478	    db 110
   479	    db 101
   480	    db 100
   481	    db 0
   482	__str_7:
   483	    db 115
   484	    db 116
   485	    db 114
   486	    db 117
   487	    db 99
   488	    db 116
   489	    db 0
   490	__str_8:
   491	    db 117
   492	    db 110
   493	    db 105
   494	    db 111
   495	    db 110
   496	    db 0
   497	__str_9:
   498	    db 101
   499	    db 110
   500	    db 117
   501	    db 109
   502	    db 0
   503	__str_10:
   504	    db 99
   505	    db 111
   506	    db 110
   507	    db 115
   508	    db 116
   509	    db 0
   510	__str_11:
   511	    db 118
   512	    db 111
   513	    db 108
   514	    db 97
   515	    db 116
   516	    db 105
   517	    db 108
   518	    db 101
   519	    db 0
   520	__str_12:
   521	    db 115
   522	    db 116
   523	    db 97
   524	    db 116
   525	    db 105
   526	    db 99
   527	    db 0
   528	__str_13:
   529	    db 101
   530	    db 120
   531	    db 116
   532	    db 101
   533	    db 114
   534	    db 110
   535	    db 0
   536	section .bss
   537	g_toks:
   538	    resb 1104

188 /tmp/t02types.S
BITS 32
section .text
global find_free
find_free:
    push ebp
    mov ebp, esp
    sub esp, 4
    lea eax, [ebp-4]
    push eax
    mov eax, 0
    pop ecx
    mov [ecx], eax
.L0:
    lea eax, [ebp+8]
    mov eax, [eax]
    push eax
    lea eax, [ebp-4]
    mov eax, [eax]
    pop ecx
    cmp eax, ecx
    setl al
    movzx eax, al
    cmp eax, 0
    je .L1
    lea eax, [ebp-4]
    mov eax, [eax]
    push eax
    lea eax, [g_inodes]
    pop ecx
    imul ecx, ecx, 64
    add eax, ecx
    movzx eax, byte [eax]
    cmp eax, 0
    sete al
    movzx eax, al
    cmp eax, 0
    je .L3
    lea eax, [ebp-4]
    mov eax, [eax]
    mov esp, ebp
    pop ebp
    ret
    jmp .L4
.L3:
.L4:
.L2:
    lea eax, [ebp-4]
    mov ecx, eax
    mov eax, [ecx]
    mov edx, eax
    add eax, 1
    mov [ecx], eax
    mov eax, edx
    jmp .L0
.L1:
    mov eax, 1
    neg eax
    mov esp, ebp
    pop ebp
    ret
    mov eax, 0
    mov esp, ebp
    pop ebp
    ret
global set_reader
set_reader:
    push ebp
    mov ebp, esp
    lea eax, [g_reader]
    push eax
    lea eax, [ebp+8]
    mov eax, [eax]
    pop ecx
    mov [ecx], eax
    mov eax, 0
    mov esp, ebp
    pop ebp
    ret
global sum_blocks
sum_blocks:
    push ebp
    mov ebp, esp
    sub esp, 8
    lea eax, [ebp-4]
    push eax
    mov eax, 0
    pop ecx
    mov [ecx], eax
    lea eax, [ebp-8]
    push eax
    mov eax, 0
    pop ecx
    mov [ecx], eax
.L5:
    mov eax, 8
    push eax
    lea eax, [ebp-8]
    mov eax, [eax]
    pop ecx
    cmp eax, ecx
    setl al
    movzx eax, al
    cmp eax, 0
    je .L6
    lea eax, [ebp-4]
    push eax
    lea eax, [ebp-8]
    mov eax, [eax]
    push eax
    lea eax, [ebp+8]
    mov eax, [eax]
    add eax, 32
    pop ecx
    imul ecx, ecx, 4
    add eax, ecx
    mov eax, [eax]
    push eax
    lea eax, [ebp-4]
    mov eax, [eax]
    pop ecx
    add eax, ecx
    pop ecx
    mov [ecx], eax
    lea eax, [ebp-8]
    mov ecx, eax
    mov eax, [ecx]
    mov edx, eax
    add eax, 1
    mov [ecx], eax
    mov eax, edx
    jmp .L5
.L6:
    lea eax, [ebp-4]
    mov eax, [eax]
    mov esp, ebp
    pop ebp
    ret
    mov eax, 0
    mov esp, ebp
    pop ebp
    ret
global main
main:
    push ebp
    mov ebp, esp
    sub esp, 8
    lea eax, [ebp-4]
    push eax
    mov eax, 42
    pop ecx
    mov [ecx], eax
    lea eax, [ebp-8]
    push eax
    mov eax, 64
    push eax
    call find_free
    add esp, 4
    pop ecx
    mov [ecx], eax
    lea eax, [ebp-4]
    mov eax, [eax]
    push eax
    lea eax, [ebp-8]
    mov eax, [eax]
    pop ecx
    add eax, ecx
    mov esp, ebp
    pop ebp
    ret
    mov eax, 0
    mov esp, ebp
    pop ebp
    ret
global _start
_start:
    mov eax, [esp]
    lea ecx, [esp+4]
    push ecx
    push eax
    call main
    mov ebx, eax
    mov eax, 1
    int 0x80
section .bss
g_reader:
    resb 4
g_inodes:
    resb 4096

#include <stdint.h>
#include <stddef.h>

typedef struct {
    uint8_t used;
    char name[27];
    uint32_t size;
    uint32_t blocks[8];
} __attribute__((packed)) inode_t;

typedef union {
    int32_t i;
    char *s;
} value_t;

typedef void (*read_fn_t)(uint32_t block, void *buf);

static read_fn_t g_reader;
static inode_t g_inodes[64];

int find_free(int max) {
    for (int i = 0; i < max; i++) {
        if (!g_inodes[i].used) {
            return i;
        }
    }
    return -1;
}

void set_reader(read_fn_t fn) {
    g_reader = fn;
}

int sum_blocks(inode_t *ino) {
    int total = 0;
    int i = 0;
    while (i < 8) {
        total = total + (int)ino->blocks[i];
        i++;
    }
    return total;
}

int main(void) {
    value_t v;
    v.i = 42;
    int idx = find_free(64);
    return idx + v.i;
}

     1	BITS 32
     2	section .text
     3	global find_free
     4	find_free:
     5	    push ebp
     6	    mov ebp, esp
     7	    sub esp, 4
     8	    lea eax, [ebp-4]
     9	    push eax
    10	    mov eax, 0
    11	    pop ecx
    12	    mov [ecx], eax
    13	.L0:
    14	    lea eax, [ebp+8]
    15	    mov eax, [eax]
    16	    push eax
    17	    lea eax, [ebp-4]
    18	    mov eax, [eax]
    19	    pop ecx
    20	    cmp eax, ecx
    21	    setl al
    22	    movzx eax, al
    23	    cmp eax, 0
    24	    je .L1
    25	    lea eax, [ebp-4]
    26	    mov eax, [eax]
    27	    push eax
    28	    lea eax, [g_inodes]
    29	    pop ecx
    30	    add eax, ecx
    31	    movzx eax, byte [eax]
    32	    cmp eax, 0
    33	    sete al
    34	    movzx eax, al
    35	    cmp eax, 0
    36	    je .L3
    37	    lea eax, [ebp-4]
    38	    mov eax, [eax]
    39	    mov esp, ebp
    40	    pop ebp
    41	    ret
    42	    jmp .L4
    43	.L3:
    44	.L4:
    45	.L2:

71:static int64_t resolve_abs(asm_ctx_t *ctx, int is_bin, const char *sym, int64_t disp,
72-                             section_kind_t patch_sec, uint32_t patch_off, int strict) {
73-    if (!sym[0]) return disp;
74-    symbol_t *s = sym_find(ctx, sym);
75-    if (s && s->is_equ) return s->equ_value + disp; /* plain number, never org-adjusted */
76-    if (is_bin) {
77-        if (!s || !s->defined) {
78-            if (strict) { fprintf(stderr, "as: undefined symbol '%s'\n", sym); exit(1); }
79-            return disp;
80-        }
81-        return (int64_t)ctx->org + (int64_t)s->offset + disp;
82-    }
83-    /* ELF: absolute references always need a relocation - the section's
84-     * final base address isn't known until link time. x86 ELF uses REL
85-     * (not RELA) relocations: the addend has no dedicated field, it must
86-     * be baked into the bytes at the relocated location, which is why
87-     * this returns `disp` (the addend) rather than 0 - LD will add the
88-     * resolved symbol value on top of whatever's already there. */
89-    if (strict) {
90-        add_reloc(ctx, patch_sec, patch_off, sym, (int32_t)disp, RELOC_ABS32);
91-    }
92-    return disp;
93-}
94-
95-/* Resolves a PC-relative call/jmp target. Same-section same-file targets
96- * fold to a fixed relative displacement directly; anything else (extern,
97- * or -f bin's "always resolvable" absolute model) is handled by the
98- * caller via this return value or a relocation. `next_ip_rel` is the
99- * SECTION-RELATIVE position right after the relative field (i.e. NOT
100- * org-adjusted - this function adds org itself when is_bin, consistently
101- * with how it computes the target, since bin-mode "addresses" are

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DBG: add_reloc entered nrelocs=163 sym=__str_84
DBG: about to index relocs array
DBG: got r, about to set fields
DBG: add_reloc done
DBG: add_reloc entered nrelocs=164 sym=strcmp
DBG: about to index relocs array
DBG: got r, about to set fields
DBG: add_reloc done
DBG: add_reloc entered nrelocs=165 sym=__str_85
DBG: about to index relocs array
DBG: got r, about to set fields
DBG: add_reloc done
DBG: add_reloc entered nrelocs=166 sym=strcmp
DBG: about to index relocs array
DBG: got r, about to set fields
DBG: add_reloc done
DBG: add_reloc entered nrelocs=167 sym=__str_86
DBG: about to index relocs array
DBG: got r, about to set fields
DBG: add_reloc done
DBG: add_reloc entered nrelocs=168 sym=strcmp
DBG: about to index relocs array
DBG: got r, about to set fields
DBG: add_reloc done
DBG: add_reloc entered nrelocs=169 sym=__str_87
DBG: about to index relocs array
DBG: got r, about to set fields
DBG: add_reloc done
DBG: add_reloc entered nrelocs=170 sym=strcmp
DBG: about to index relocs array
DBG: got r, about to set fields
DBG: add_reloc done
DBG: add_reloc entered nrelocs=171 sym=__str_88
DBG: about to index relocs array
DBG: got r, about to set fields
DBG: add_reloc done
DBG: add_reloc entered nrelocs=172 sym=strcmp
DBG: about to index relocs array
DBG: got r, about to set fields
DBG: add_reloc done
DBG: add_reloc entered nrelocs=173 sym=__str_89
DBG: about to index relocs array
DBG: got r, about to set fields
DBG: add_reloc done
DBG: add_reloc entered nrelocs=174 sym=strcmp
DBG: about to index relocs array
DBG: got r, about to set fields
DBG: add_reloc done
DBG: add_reloc entered nrelocs=175 sym=__str_90
DBG: about to index relocs array
DBG: got r, about to set fields
DBG: add_reloc done
DBG: add_reloc entered nrelocs=176 sym=strcmp
DBG: about to index relocs array
DBG: got r, about to set fields
DBG: add_reloc done
DBG: add_reloc entered nrelocs=177 sym=__str_91
DBG: about to index relocs array
DBG: got r, about to set fields
DBG: add_reloc done
DBG: add_reloc entered nrelocs=178 sym=g_stderr_file
DBG: about to index relocs array
DBG: got r, about to set fields
DBG: add_reloc done
DBG: add_reloc entered nrelocs=179 sym=fprintf
DBG: about to index relocs array
DBG: got r, about to set fields
DBG: add_reloc done
DBG: add_reloc entered nrelocs=180 sym=exit
DBG: about to index relocs array
DBG: got r, about to set fields
DBG: add_reloc done
DBG: add_reloc entered nrelocs=181 sym=__str_92
DBG: about to index relocs array
DBG: got r, about to set fields
DBG: add_reloc done
DBG: add_reloc entered nrelocs=182 sym=g_stderr_file
DBG: about to index relocs array
DBG: got r, about to set fields
DBG: add_reloc done
DBG: add_reloc entered nrelocs=183 sym=fprintf
DBG: about to index relocs array
DBG: got r, about to set fields
DBG: add_reloc done
DBG: add_reloc entered nrelocs=184 sym=__str_7
DBG: about to index relocs array
DBG: got r, about to set fields
DBG: add_reloc done
DBG: add_reloc entered nrelocs=185 sym=__str_8
DBG: about to index relocs array
DBG: got r, about to set fields
DBG: add_reloc done
DBG: add_reloc entered nrelocs=186 sym=__str_9
DBG: about to index relocs array
DBG: got r, about to set fields
DBG: add_reloc done
DBG: add_reloc entered nrelocs=187 sym=__str_10
DBG: about to index relocs array
DBG: got r, about to set fields
DBG: add_reloc done
DBG: add_reloc entered nrelocs=188 sym=__str_11
DBG: about to index relocs array
DBG: got r, about to set fields
DBG: add_reloc done
DBG: add_reloc entered nrelocs=189 sym=__str_12
DBG: about to index relocs array
DBG: got r, about to set fields
DBG: add_reloc done
DBG: add_reloc entered nrelocs=190 sym=__str_39
DBG: about to index relocs array
DBG: got r, about to set fields
DBG: add_reloc done
DBG: add_reloc entered nrelocs=191 sym=__str_40
DBG: about to index relocs array
DBG: got r, about to set fields
DBG: add_reloc done
DBG: add_reloc entered nrelocs=192 sym=__str_41
DBG: about to index relocs array
DBG: got r, about to set fields
DBG: add_reloc done
DBG: add_reloc entered nrelocs=193 sym=__str_42
DBG: about to index relocs array
DBG: got r, about to set fields
DBG: add_reloc done
DBG: add_reloc entered nrelocs=194 sym=__str_43
DBG: about to index relocs array
DBG: got r, about to set fields
DBG: add_reloc done
DBG: add_reloc entered nrelocs=195 sym=__str_44
DBG: about to index relocs array
DBG: got r, about to set fields
DBG: add_reloc done
DBG: add_reloc entered nrelocs=0 sym=g_inodes
DBG: about to index relocs array
DBG: got r, about to set fields
DBG: add_reloc done
/bin/bash: line 14: 3736619 Segmentation fault      (core dumped) timeout 3 ./build/stage2/as -f elf32 -o /tmp/tmin5.o /tmp/tmin5.S
exit=139

<persisted-output>
Output too large (123.3KB). Full output saved to: /home/martin/.claude/projects/-home-martin-workspace-prototypes-boot-to-claude/03468d1c-5b29-4e24-8f0d-2a7435d227ab/tool-results/bagvw7sto.txt

Preview (first 2KB):
DBG: add_reloc entered nrelocs=0 sym=__str_0
DBG: about to index relocs array
DBG: got r, about to set section
DBG: set section, about to set offset
DBG: set offset, about to strcpy sym
DBG: strcpy done, about to set addend
DBG: set addend, about to set kind
DBG: add_reloc done
DBG: add_reloc entered nrelocs=1 sym=fopen
DBG: about to index relocs array
DBG: got r, about to set section
DBG: set section, about to set offset
DBG: set offset, about to strcpy sym
DBG: strcpy done, about to set addend
DBG: set addend, about to set kind
DBG: add_reloc done
DBG: add_reloc entered nrelocs=2 sym=__str_1
DBG: about to index relocs array
DBG: got r, about to set section
DBG: set section, about to set offset
DBG: set offset, about to strcpy sym
DBG: strcpy done, about to set addend
DBG: set addend, about to set kind
DBG: add_reloc done
DBG: add_reloc entered nrelocs=3 sym=perror
DBG: about to index relocs array
DBG: got r, about to set section
DBG: set section, about to set offset
DBG: set offset, about to strcpy sym
DBG: strcpy done, about to set addend
DBG: set addend, about to set kind
DBG: add_reloc done
DBG: add_reloc entered nrelocs=4 sym=fwrite
DBG: about to index relocs array
DBG: got r, about to set section
DBG: set section, about to set offset
DBG: set offset, about to strcpy sym
DBG: strcpy done, about to set addend
DBG: set addend, about to set kind
DBG: add_reloc done
DBG: add_reloc entered nrelocs=5 sym=fclose
DBG: about to index relocs array
DBG: got r, about to set section
DBG: set section, about to set offset
DBG: set offset, about to strcpy sym
DBG: strcpy done, about to set addend
DBG: set addend, about to set kind
DBG: add_reloc done
DBG: add_reloc entered nrelocs=0 sym=strlen
DBG: about to index relocs array
DBG: got r, about to set section
DBG: set section, about to set offset
DBG: set offset, about to strcpy sym
DBG: strcpy done, about to set addend
DBG: set addend, about to set kind
DBG: add_reloc done
DBG: add_reloc entered nrelocs=1 sym=memcpy
...
</persisted-output>

505	            : c->disp;
506	        e32(&e, (uint32_t)v);
507	        return e.len;
508	    }
509	    if (strcmp(m, "imul") == 0 && st->bits == 32 && a->kind == OPND_REG && is_reg32(a->reg)) {
510	        e8(&e, 0x0F); e8(&e, 0xAF);
511	        encode_rm32(&e, ctx, is_bin, b, regnum(a->reg), st->section, st->offset, strict);
512	        return e.len;
513	    }
514	    if (strcmp(m, "idiv") == 0 && (a->kind == OPND_REG || a->kind == OPND_MEM)) {
515	        e8(&e, 0xF7);
516	        encode_rm32(&e, ctx, is_bin, a, 7, st->section, st->offset, strict);
517	        return e.len;
518	    }
519	    if (strcmp(m, "not") == 0 && (a->kind == OPND_REG || a->kind == OPND_MEM)) {
520	        e8(&e, 0xF7);
521	        encode_rm32(&e, ctx, is_bin, a, 2, st->section, st->offset, strict);
522	        return e.len;
523	    }
524	    if (strcmp(m, "neg") == 0 && (a->kind == OPND_REG || a->kind == OPND_MEM)) {
525	        e8(&e, 0xF7);
526	        encode_rm32(&e, ctx, is_bin, a, 3, st->section, st->offset, strict);
527	        return e.len;
528	    }
529	    if (strcmp(m, "cdq") == 0) { e8(&e, 0x99); return e.len; }
530	
531	    if (strncmp(m, "set", 3) == 0 && a->kind == OPND_REG && is_reg8(a->reg)) {
532	        static const struct { const char *suf; uint8_t op; } cc[] = {
533	            { "e", 0x94 }, { "ne", 0x95 }, { "l", 0x9C }, { "le", 0x9E }, { "g", 0x9F }, { "ge", 0x9D },
534	        };
535	        for (size_t i = 0; i < sizeof(cc) / sizeof(cc[0]); i++) {
536	            char full[16];
537	            snprintf(full, sizeof(full), "set%s", cc[i].suf);
538	            if (strcmp(m, full) == 0) {
539	                e8(&e, 0x0F); e8(&e, cc[i].op);
540	                e8(&e, (uint8_t)(0xC0 | regnum(a->reg)));
541	                return e.len;
542	            }
543	        }
544	    }
545	
546	    if (strcmp(m, "movzx") == 0 && is_reg32(a->reg) && is_reg16(b->reg)) {
547	        /* MOVZX r32, r/m16 = 0F B7 /r, no 0x66 prefix - the opcode
548	         * itself already means "32-bit destination, 16-bit source"; a
549	         * leading 0x66 operand-size override reinterprets *both*
550	         * operands as 16-bit, silently downgrading this to r16,r16 (a
551	         * near no-op) instead of actually zero-extending into the full
552	         * 32-bit register. Never previously exercised: every earlier
553	         * movzx use was the byte-from-memory form (0F B6) below, not
554	         * this register-to-register 16-to-32 form - only CC's new

870	        if (n->kind == ND_VAR_DECL && n->is_global && !n->is_extern_decl) {
871	            if (n->init) any_data = 1; else any_bss = 1;
872	        }
873	    }
874	    for (int i = 0; i < g_n_statics; i++) {
875	        if (g_statics[i]->init) any_data = 1; else any_bss = 1;
876	    }
877	
878	    if (any_data) {
879	        out("section .data\n");
880	        for (node_t *n = prog; n; n = n->next) {
881	            if (n->kind == ND_VAR_DECL && n->is_global && !n->is_extern_decl && n->init) {
882	                /* file-scope `static` keeps internal linkage - no `global`,
883	                 * same reasoning as function-local statics below (two
884	                 * files' own file-private `static T name;` must not
885	                 * collide as duplicate global symbols). */
886	                if (!n->is_file_static) out("global %s\n", n->asm_label);
887	                out("%s:\n", n->asm_label);
888	                emit_data_bytes(n->init, n->type);
889	            }
890	        }
891	        for (int i = 0; i < g_n_statics; i++) {
892	            /* Not `global`, same reasoning as __str_N above -
893	             * __static_N is only numbered uniquely within one file. */
894	            node_t *n = g_statics[i];
895	            if (n->init) {
896	                out("%s:\n", n->asm_label);
897	                emit_data_bytes(n->init, n->type);
898	            }
899	        }
900	    }
901	    if (any_bss) {
902	        out("section .bss\n");
903	        for (node_t *n = prog; n; n = n->next) {
904	            if (n->kind == ND_VAR_DECL && n->is_global && !n->is_extern_decl && !n->init) {
905	                if (!n->is_file_static) out("global %s\n", n->asm_label);
906	                out("%s:\n    resb %d\n", n->asm_label, type_size(n->type));
907	            }
908	        }
909	        for (int i = 0; i < g_n_statics; i++) {
910	            node_t *n = g_statics[i];
911	            if (!n->init) {
912	                out("%s:\n    resb %d\n", n->asm_label, type_size(n->type));
913	            }
914	        }
915	    }
916	}
917	

DBG: add_reloc entered nrelocs=0 sym=__static_0
DBG: about to index relocs array
DBG: got r, about to set section
DBG: set section, about to set offset
DBG: set offset, about to strcpy sym
DBG: strcpy done, about to set addend
DBG: set addend, about to set kind
DBG: add_reloc done
DBG: add_reloc entered nrelocs=1 sym=__static_0
DBG: about to index relocs array
DBG: got r, about to set section
DBG: set section, about to set offset
DBG: set offset, about to strcpy sym
DBG: strcpy done, about to set addend
DBG: set addend, about to set kind
DBG: add_reloc done
DBG: add_reloc entered nrelocs=2 sym=__str_0
DBG: about to index relocs array
DBG: got r, about to set section
DBG: set section, about to set offset
DBG: set offset, about to strcpy sym
DBG: strcpy done, about to set addend
DBG: set addend, about to set kind
DBG: add_reloc done
DBG: add_reloc entered nrelocs=3 sym=__str_1
DBG: about to index relocs array
DBG: got r, about to set section
DBG: set section, about to set offset
DBG: set offset, about to strcpy sym
DBG: strcpy done, about to set addend
DBG: set addend, about to set kind
DBG: add_reloc done
DBG: add_reloc entered nrelocs=4 sym=__str_2
DBG: about to index relocs array
DBG: got r, about to set section
DBG: set section, about to set offset
DBG: set offset, about to strcpy sym
DBG: strcpy done, about to set addend
DBG: set addend, about to set kind
DBG: add_reloc done
DBG: add_reloc entered nrelocs=5 sym=__str_3
DBG: about to index relocs array
DBG: got r, about to set section
DBG: set section, about to set offset
DBG: set offset, about to strcpy sym
DBG: strcpy done, about to set addend
DBG: set addend, about to set kind
DBG: add_reloc done
DBG: add_reloc entered nrelocs=6 sym=__str_4
DBG: about to index relocs array
DBG: got r, about to set section
DBG: set section, about to set offset
DBG: set offset, about to strcpy sym
DBG: strcpy done, about to set addend
DBG: set addend, about to set kind
DBG: add_reloc done
DBG: add_reloc entered nrelocs=7 sym=__str_5
DBG: about to index relocs array
DBG: got r, about to set section
DBG: set section, about to set offset
DBG: set offset, about to strcpy sym
DBG: strcpy done, about to set addend
DBG: set addend, about to set kind
DBG: add_reloc done
exit=24
    lea eax, [__static_0]
    pop ecx
    imul ecx, ecx, 8
    add eax, ecx
    add eax, 4
    movzx eax, byte [eax]
    push eax
    mov eax, 0
    push eax
    lea eax, [ebp-8]
    mov eax, [eax]
    push eax
    lea eax, [__static_0]
    pop ecx
    imul ecx, ecx, 8
    add eax, ecx
    mov eax, [eax]
    pop ecx
    add eax, ecx
    movzx eax, byte [eax]
    pop ecx
    add eax, ecx
    push eax
    pop ecx
    mov edx, [esp]
    mov eax, [edx]
    add eax, ecx
    pop ecx
    mov [ecx], eax
.L2:
    lea eax, [ebp-8]
    mov ecx, eax
    mov eax, [ecx]
--
section .data
__static_0:
    dd __str_0
    db 148
    resb 3
    dd __str_1
    db 149
    resb 3
    dd __str_2
    db 156
    resb 3
    dd __str_3
    db 158
    resb 3
    dd __str_4
    db 159
    resb 3
    dd __str_5
    db 157
    resb 3

160	    }
161	    if (rm->reg == R_ESP) {
162	        if (rm->disp == 0) {
163	            e8(e, (uint8_t)(0x04 | (reg_field << 3)));
164	            e8(e, 0x24);
165	        } else {
166	            e8(e, (uint8_t)(0x44 | (reg_field << 3)));
167	            e8(e, 0x24);
168	            e8(e, (uint8_t)rm->disp);
169	        }
170	        return;
171	    }
172	    if (rm->reg == R_EBP) {
173	        e8(e, (uint8_t)(0x85 | (reg_field << 3)));
174	        e32(e, (uint32_t)rm->disp);
175	        return;
176	    }
177	    if (rm->reg != R_NONE) {
178	        /* [reg] / [reg+disp] for any other GP register (EAX/ECX/EDX/EBX/
179	         * ESI/EDI) - no SIB needed, and mod=00 with no displacement is
180	         * safe here (rm=101/EBP is the only base register where mod=00
181	         * means something else - see the EBP case above). Always uses
182	         * the disp32 form when non-zero, same "no size-optimization"
183	         * philosophy as everywhere else in this encoder. */
184	        if (rm->disp == 0) {
185	            e8(e, (uint8_t)(0x00 | (reg_field << 3) | regnum(rm->reg)));
186	        } else {
187	            e8(e, (uint8_t)(0x80 | (reg_field << 3) | regnum(rm->reg)));
188	            e32(e, (uint32_t)rm->disp);
189	        }
190	        return;
191	    }
192	    /* bare label, no base register: 32-bit direct address */
193	    e8(e, (uint8_t)(0x05 | (reg_field << 3)));
194	    uint32_t patch_off = stmt_offset + (uint32_t)e->len;
195	    int64_t addr = resolve_abs(ctx, is_bin, rm->sym, rm->disp, patch_sec, patch_off, strict);
196	    e32(e, (uint32_t)addr);
197	}
198	
199	/* ADD/OR/AND/SUB/XOR/CMP share one opcode block layout:

649	    if (strcmp(m, "call") == 0 && a->kind == OPND_REG && is_reg32(a->reg)) {
650	        /* call r/m32 (FF /2) - indirect call through a register, e.g. a
651	         * function-pointer variable's loaded value (see cc.h's
652	         * is_indirect_call / docs/toolchain.md). */
653	        e8(&e, 0xFF);
654	        e8(&e, (uint8_t)(0xC0 | (2 << 3) | regnum(a->reg)));
655	        return e.len;
656	    }
657	    if (strcmp(m, "call") == 0) {
658	        if (st->bits == 16) {
659	            e8(&e, 0xE8);
660	            int64_t rel = resolve_pcrel(ctx, is_bin, a->sym, a->disp, st->section,
661	                                          (int64_t)st->offset + 3, st->section, st->offset + 1, strict, 2);
662	            e16(&e, (uint16_t)rel);
663	        } else {
664	            e8(&e, 0xE8);
665	            int64_t rel = resolve_pcrel(ctx, is_bin, a->sym, a->disp, st->section,
666	                                          (int64_t)st->offset + 5, st->section, st->offset + 1, strict, 4);
667	            e32(&e, (uint32_t)rel);
668	        }
669	        return e.len;
670	    }
671	
672	    if (strcmp(m, "push") == 0) {
673	        if (a->kind == OPND_IMM) {
674	            e8(&e, 0x68);
675	            int64_t v = a->has_sym ? resolve_abs(ctx, is_bin, a->sym, a->disp, st->section, st->offset + 1, strict) : a->disp;
676	            e32(&e, (uint32_t)v);
677	            return e.len;
678	        }
679	        if (is_reg32(a->reg)) { e8(&e, (uint8_t)(0x50 + regnum(a->reg))); return e.len; }
680	        if (is_reg16(a->reg)) { e8(&e, (uint8_t)(0x50 + regnum(a->reg))); return e.len; }
681	    }
682	    if (strcmp(m, "pop") == 0) {
683	        if (is_reg32(a->reg) || is_reg16(a->reg)) { e8(&e, (uint8_t)(0x58 + regnum(a->reg))); return e.len; }
684	    }
685	
686	    if (strcmp(m, "in") == 0) {
687	        if (b->kind == OPND_IMM) { e8(&e, 0xE4); e8(&e, (uint8_t)b->disp); return e.len; }
688	        if (b->reg == R_DX && a->reg == R_AL) { e8(&e, 0xEC); return e.len; }
689	        /* IN AX,DX needs the 0x66 operand-size override - 0xED alone,
690	         * in 32-bit code, means IN EAX,DX (the default operand size).
691	         * Without the prefix this silently read two 16-bit words per
692	         * call (packed into EAX, high half discarded by the caller's
693	         * own movzx), draining twice as many words off the ATA data
694	         * port as intended and dropping every other one - see
695	         * kernel/ata.c / docs/toolchain.md. */
696	        if (b->reg == R_DX && a->reg == R_AX) { e8(&e, 0x66); e8(&e, 0xED); return e.len; }
697	        if (b->reg == R_DX && a->reg == R_EAX) { e8(&e, 0xED); return e.len; }
698	    }
699	    if (strcmp(m, "out") == 0) {
700	        if (a->kind == OPND_IMM) { e8(&e, 0xE6); e8(&e, (uint8_t)a->disp); return e.len; }
701	        if (a->reg == R_DX && b->reg == R_AL) { e8(&e, 0xEE); return e.len; }
702	        if (a->reg == R_DX && b->reg == R_AX) { e8(&e, 0x66); e8(&e, 0xEF); return e.len; }
703	        if (a->reg == R_DX && b->reg == R_EAX) { e8(&e, 0xEF); return e.len; }
704	    }
705	
706	    if (strcmp(m, "int") == 0) { e8(&e, 0xCD); e8(&e, (uint8_t)a->disp); return e.len; }
707	    if (strcmp(m, "lgdt") == 0 && st->bits == 16) {
708	        /* boot/stage2.S's real-mode form: a direct 16-bit absolute

<persisted-output>
Output too large (1.7MB). Full output saved to: /home/martin/.claude/projects/-home-martin-workspace-prototypes-boot-to-claude/03468d1c-5b29-4e24-8f0d-2a7435d227ab/tool-results/bxsj7jjef.txt

Preview (first 2KB):
DBG: pass2 stmt i=0 mnem=push
DBG: pass2 stmt i=0 encoded len=1
DBG: pass2 stmt i=1 mnem=mov
DBG: pass2 stmt i=1 encoded len=2
DBG: pass2 stmt i=2 mnem=sub
DBG: pass2 stmt i=2 encoded len=6
DBG: pass2 stmt i=3 mnem=lea
DBG: pass2 stmt i=3 encoded len=6
DBG: pass2 stmt i=4 mnem=push
DBG: pass2 stmt i=4 encoded len=1
DBG: pass2 stmt i=5 mnem=mov
DBG: pass2 stmt i=5 encoded len=5
DBG: pass2 stmt i=6 mnem=pop
DBG: pass2 stmt i=6 encoded len=1
DBG: pass2 stmt i=7 mnem=mov
DBG: pass2 stmt i=7 encoded len=2
DBG: pass2 stmt i=8 mnem=lea
DBG: pass2 stmt i=8 encoded len=6
DBG: pass2 stmt i=9 mnem=mov
DBG: pass2 stmt i=9 encoded len=2
DBG: pass2 stmt i=10 mnem=push
DBG: pass2 stmt i=10 encoded len=1
DBG: pass2 stmt i=11 mnem=mov
DBG: pass2 stmt i=11 encoded len=5
DBG: pass2 stmt i=12 mnem=push
DBG: pass2 stmt i=12 encoded len=1
DBG: pass2 stmt i=13 mnem=lea
DBG: pass2 stmt i=13 encoded len=6
DBG: pass2 stmt i=14 mnem=mov
DBG: pass2 stmt i=14 encoded len=2
DBG: pass2 stmt i=15 mnem=pop
DBG: pass2 stmt i=15 encoded len=1
DBG: pass2 stmt i=16 mnem=add
DBG: pass2 stmt i=16 encoded len=2
DBG: pass2 stmt i=17 mnem=pop
DBG: pass2 stmt i=17 encoded len=1
DBG: pass2 stmt i=18 mnem=cmp
DBG: pass2 stmt i=18 encoded len=2
DBG: pass2 stmt i=19 mnem=setl
DBG: pass2 stmt i=19 encoded len=3
DBG: pass2 stmt i=20 mnem=movzx
DBG: pass2 stmt i=20 encoded len=3
DBG: pass2 stmt i=21 mnem=cmp
DBG: pass2 stmt i=21 encoded len=6
DBG: pass2 stmt i=22 mnem=je
DBG: pass2 stmt i=22 encoded len=6
DBG: pass2 stmt i=23 mnem=lea
DBG: pass2 stmt i=23 encoded len=6
DBG: pass2 stmt i=24 mnem=mov
DBG: pass2 stmt i=24 encoded len=2
DBG: pass2 stmt i=25 mnem=push
DBG: pass2 stmt i=25 encoded len=1
DBG: pass2 stmt i=26 mnem=lea
DBG: pass2 stmt i=26 encoded len=6
DBG: pass2 stmt i=27 mnem=mov
DBG: pass2 stmt i=27 encoded len=2
DBG: pass2 stmt i=28 mnem=pop
DBG: pass2 stmt i=28 encoded len=1
DBG: pass2 stmt i=29 mnem=add
DBG: pass2 stmt i=29 encoded len=2
DBG: pass2 stmt i=30 mnem=movzx
...
</persisted-output>

DBG: pass2 stmt i=494 mnem=lea
DBG: pass2 stmt i=494 encoded len=6
DBG: pass2 stmt i=495 mnem=mov
DBG: pass2 stmt i=495 encoded len=2
DBG: pass2 stmt i=496 mnem=mov
DBG: pass2 stmt i=496 encoded len=2
DBG: pass2 stmt i=497 mnem=pop
DBG: pass2 stmt i=497 encoded len=1
DBG: pass2 stmt i=498 mnem=ret
DBG: pass2 stmt i=498 encoded len=1
DBG: pass2 stmt i=499 mnem=mov
DBG: pass2 stmt i=499 encoded len=5
DBG: pass2 stmt i=500 mnem=mov
DBG: pass2 stmt i=500 encoded len=2
DBG: pass2 stmt i=501 mnem=pop
DBG: pass2 stmt i=501 encoded len=1
DBG: pass2 stmt i=502 mnem=ret
DBG: pass2 stmt i=502 encoded len=1
/bin/bash: line 23: 3739582 Segmentation fault      (core dumped) timeout 3 ./build/stage2_dbg2/as -f elf32 -o /tmp/tmin5.o /tmp/tmin5.S > /tmp/pass2_trace.log 2>&1
exit=139
DBG: pass2 stmt i=5 mnem=ret
DBG: pass2 stmt i=5 encoded len=1
DBG: pass2 stmt i=6 mnem=mov
DBG: pass2 stmt i=6 encoded len=3
DBG: pass2 stmt i=7 mnem=lea
DBG: pass2 stmt i=7 encoded len=4
DBG: pass2 stmt i=8 mnem=push
DBG: pass2 stmt i=8 encoded len=1
DBG: pass2 stmt i=9 mnem=push
DBG: pass2 stmt i=9 encoded len=1
DBG: pass2 stmt i=10 mnem=call
DBG: pass2 stmt i=10 encoded len=5
DBG: pass2 stmt i=11 mnem=mov
DBG: pass2 stmt i=11 encoded len=2
DBG: pass2 stmt i=12 mnem=mov
DBG: pass2 stmt i=12 encoded len=5
DBG: pass2 stmt i=13 mnem=int
DBG: pass2 stmt i=13 encoded len=2
DBG: pass2 stmt i=14 mnem=.dd
DBG: pass2 stmt i=14 encoded len=4

1	#include "as.h"
2	#include "elf_format.h"
3	
4	#include <stdio.h>
5	#include <stdlib.h>
6	#include <string.h>
7	
8	static const char *SEC_NAMES[MAX_SECTIONS] = { ".text", ".data", ".bss", ".rodata" };
9	static const int SEC_IS_BSS[MAX_SECTIONS] = { 0, 0, 1, 0 };
10	static const int SEC_IS_EXEC[MAX_SECTIONS] = { 1, 0, 0, 0 };
11	
12	typedef struct {
13	    char buf[1 << 20];
14	    uint32_t len;
15	} strtab_builder_t;
16	
17	static uint32_t strtab_add(strtab_builder_t *st, const char *s) {
18	    if (st->len == 0) { st->buf[0] = '\0'; st->len = 1; } /* index 0 = empty string, ELF convention */
19	    uint32_t off = st->len;
20	    size_t n = strlen(s) + 1;
21	    memcpy(st->buf + st->len, s, n);
22	    st->len += (uint32_t)n;
23	    return off;
24	}
25	
26	int write_elf32(asm_ctx_t *ctx, const char *path) {
27	    /* --- decide which content sections exist --- */
28	    int content_secs[MAX_SECTIONS];
29	    int n_content = 0;
30	    for (int s = 0; s < MAX_SECTIONS; s++) {
31	        if (ctx->sec_used[s]) content_secs[n_content++] = s;
32	    }
33	
34	    int reloc_for[MAX_SECTIONS]; /* does section s have any relocations? */
35	    for (int s = 0; s < MAX_SECTIONS; s++) reloc_for[s] = 0;
36	    for (int i = 0; i < ctx->nrelocs; i++) reloc_for[ctx->relocs[i].section] = 1;
37	
38	    /* --- section header string table + index plan ---
39	     * 0=NULL, 1..n_content=content, then one .rel.X per content section
40	     * with relocs, then .symtab, .strtab, .shstrtab. Computed before the
41	     * symbol table below, which needs shidx_content[] to translate our
42	     * internal section_kind_t into the real ELF section header index -
43	     * they're NOT the same number, since only sections actually used
44	     * appear in the file (e.g. a .bss-only object has no .data, so .bss
45	     * isn't at its "usual" index). */
46	    static strtab_builder_t shstrtab;
47	    memset(&shstrtab, 0, sizeof(shstrtab));
48	
49	    int shidx_content[MAX_SECTIONS];
50	    for (int i = 0; i < MAX_SECTIONS; i++) { shidx_content[i] = -1; }
51	
52	    int nsh = 1;
53	    uint32_t name_content[MAX_SECTIONS], name_rel[MAX_SECTIONS];
54	    for (int i = 0; i < n_content; i++) {
55	        int s = content_secs[i];
56	        shidx_content[s] = nsh++;
57	        name_content[s] = strtab_add(&shstrtab, SEC_NAMES[s]);
58	    }
59	    for (int i = 0; i < n_content; i++) {
60	        int s = content_secs[i];
61	        if (reloc_for[s]) {
62	            char nm[MAX_NAME];
63	            snprintf(nm, sizeof(nm), ".rel%s", SEC_NAMES[s]);
64	            nsh++;
65	            name_rel[s] = strtab_add(&shstrtab, nm);
66	        }
67	    }
68	    int shidx_symtab = nsh++;
69	    uint32_t name_symtab = strtab_add(&shstrtab, ".symtab");
70	    int shidx_strtab = nsh++;
71	    uint32_t name_strtab = strtab_add(&shstrtab, ".strtab");
72	    int shidx_shstrtab = nsh++;
73	    uint32_t name_shstrtab = strtab_add(&shstrtab, ".shstrtab");
74	
75	    /* --- symbol table: locals first (ELF requirement), then globals --- */
76	    static Elf32_Sym symtab[MAX_SYMS + 1];
77	    int nsym = 0;
78	    static strtab_builder_t strtab;
79	    memset(&strtab, 0, sizeof(strtab));
80	    static int sym_elf_index[MAX_SYMS];
81	
82	    /* Not a compound literal (CC doesn't support them - see
83	     * docs/toolchain.md, Phase T3/T8): symtab is `static`, but a prior
84	     * call in the same process could have left index 0 non-zero, so
85	     * this can't just rely on static zero-init either. */
86	    memset(&symtab[nsym], 0, sizeof(symtab[nsym]));
87	    nsym++; /* index 0: null symbol */
88	
89	    for (int pass = 0; pass < 2; pass++) { /* pass 0 = locals, pass 1 = globals */
90	        for (int i = 0; i < ctx->nsyms; i++) {
91	            symbol_t *s = &ctx->syms[i];
92	            if (s->is_equ) continue;
93	            if (!s->defined && !s->is_extern) continue;
94	            int is_glob = s->is_global || s->is_extern;
95	            if ((pass == 0 && is_glob) || (pass == 1 && !is_glob)) continue;
96	
97	            Elf32_Sym sym = {0};
98	            sym.st_name = strtab_add(&strtab, s->name);
99	            sym.st_info = (unsigned char)elf32_st_info(is_glob ? STB_GLOBAL : STB_LOCAL, STT_NOTYPE);
100	            if (s->defined) {
101	                sym.st_shndx = (Elf32_Half)shidx_content[s->section];
102	                sym.st_value = s->offset;
103	            } else {
104	                sym.st_shndx = SHN_UNDEF;
105	            }
106	            sym_elf_index[i] = nsym;
107	            symtab[nsym++] = sym;
108	        }
109	    }
110	    int first_global = 1;
111	    for (int i = 1; i < nsym; i++) {
112	        if ((symtab[i].st_info >> 4) == STB_LOCAL) first_global = i + 1;
113	    }
114	
115	    /* --- relocation table entries, grouped by target section --- */
116	    static Elf32_Rel rels[MAX_SECTIONS][MAX_RELOCS];
117	    int nrels[MAX_SECTIONS] = {0};
118	    for (int i = 0; i < ctx->nrelocs; i++) {
119	        reloc_t *r = &ctx->relocs[i];
120	        symbol_t *s = sym_find(ctx, r->sym);
121	        if (!s) { fprintf(stderr, "as: relocation against unknown symbol '%s'\n", r->sym); return -1; }
122	        int symidx = sym_elf_index[s - ctx->syms];
123	        int type = r->kind == RELOC_PC32 ? R_386_PC32 : R_386_32;
124	        int sec = r->section;
125	        rels[sec][nrels[sec]].r_offset = r->offset;
126	        rels[sec][nrels[sec]].r_info = elf32_r_info(symidx, type);
127	        nrels[sec]++;
128	    }
129	
130	    /* --- lay out the file: Ehdr, content sections' bytes, rel tables,
131	     * symtab, strtab, shstrtab, then the section header table --- */
132	    uint32_t off = sizeof(Elf32_Ehdr);
133	    uint32_t off_content[MAX_SECTIONS];
134	    for (int i = 0; i < n_content; i++) {
135	        int s = content_secs[i];
136	        off_content[s] = off;
137	        if (!SEC_IS_BSS[s]) off += ctx->sec_len[s];
138	    }
139	    uint32_t off_rel[MAX_SECTIONS];
140	    for (int i = 0; i < n_content; i++) {
141	        int s = content_secs[i];
142	        if (reloc_for[s]) { off_rel[s] = off; off += (uint32_t)nrels[s] * sizeof(Elf32_Rel); }
143	    }
144	    uint32_t off_symtab = off; off += (uint32_t)nsym * sizeof(Elf32_Sym);
145	    uint32_t off_strtab = off; off += strtab.len;
146	    uint32_t off_shstrtab = off; off += shstrtab.len;
147	    uint32_t off_shdrs = (off + 3) & ~3u;
148	
149	    FILE *f = fopen(path, "wb");
150	    if (!f) { perror("as: fopen"); return -1; }
151	
152	    Elf32_Ehdr eh = {0};
153	    eh.e_ident[0] = ELFMAG0; eh.e_ident[1] = ELFMAG1; eh.e_ident[2] = ELFMAG2; eh.e_ident[3] = ELFMAG3;
154	    eh.e_ident[4] = ELFCLASS32; eh.e_ident[5] = ELFDATA2LSB; eh.e_ident[6] = EV_CURRENT;
155	    eh.e_ident[7] = ELFOSABI_SYSV;
156	    eh.e_type = ET_REL;
157	    eh.e_machine = EM_386;
158	    eh.e_version = EV_CURRENT;
159	    eh.e_shoff = off_shdrs;
160	    eh.e_ehsize = sizeof(Elf32_Ehdr);
161	    eh.e_shentsize = sizeof(Elf32_Shdr);
162	    eh.e_shnum = (Elf32_Half)nsh;
163	    eh.e_shstrndx = (Elf32_Half)shidx_shstrtab;
164	    fwrite(&eh, sizeof(eh), 1, f);
165	
166	    for (int i = 0; i < n_content; i++) {
167	        int s = content_secs[i];
168	        if (!SEC_IS_BSS[s]) fwrite(ctx->sec_bytes[s], 1, ctx->sec_len[s], f);
169	    }
170	    for (int i = 0; i < n_content; i++) {
171	        int s = content_secs[i];
172	        if (reloc_for[s]) fwrite(rels[s], sizeof(Elf32_Rel), (size_t)nrels[s], f);
173	    }
174	    fwrite(symtab, sizeof(Elf32_Sym), (size_t)nsym, f);
175	    fwrite(strtab.buf, 1, strtab.len, f);
176	    fwrite(shstrtab.buf, 1, shstrtab.len, f);
177	
178	    while (ftell(f) < (long)off_shdrs) fputc(0, f);
179	
180	    Elf32_Shdr sh;
181	    memset(&sh, 0, sizeof(sh));
182	    fwrite(&sh, sizeof(sh), 1, f); /* NULL section */
183	
184	    for (int i = 0; i < n_content; i++) {
185	        int s = content_secs[i];
186	        memset(&sh, 0, sizeof(sh));
187	        sh.sh_name = name_content[s];
188	        sh.sh_type = SEC_IS_BSS[s] ? SHT_NOBITS : SHT_PROGBITS;
189	        sh.sh_flags = SHF_ALLOC | (SEC_IS_EXEC[s] ? SHF_EXECINSTR : 0) | (s == SEC_TEXT ? 0 : SHF_WRITE);
190	        sh.sh_offset = off_content[s];
191	        sh.sh_size = ctx->sec_len[s];
192	        sh.sh_addralign = 4;
193	        fwrite(&sh, sizeof(sh), 1, f);
194	    }
195	    for (int i = 0; i < n_content; i++) {
196	        int s = content_secs[i];
197	        if (!reloc_for[s]) continue;
198	        memset(&sh, 0, sizeof(sh));
199	        sh.sh_name = name_rel[s];
200	        sh.sh_type = SHT_REL;
201	        sh.sh_offset = off_rel[s];
202	        sh.sh_size = (uint32_t)nrels[s] * sizeof(Elf32_Rel);
203	        sh.sh_link = (Elf32_Word)shidx_symtab;
204	        sh.sh_info = (Elf32_Word)shidx_content[s];
205	        sh.sh_addralign = 4;
206	        sh.sh_entsize = sizeof(Elf32_Rel);
207	        fwrite(&sh, sizeof(sh), 1, f);
208	    }
209	    memset(&sh, 0, sizeof(sh));
210	    sh.sh_name = name_symtab;
211	    sh.sh_type = SHT_SYMTAB;
212	    sh.sh_offset = off_symtab;
213	    sh.sh_size = (uint32_t)nsym * sizeof(Elf32_Sym);
214	    sh.sh_link = (Elf32_Word)shidx_strtab;
215	    sh.sh_info = (Elf32_Word)first_global;
216	    sh.sh_addralign = 4;
217	    sh.sh_entsize = sizeof(Elf32_Sym);
218	    fwrite(&sh, sizeof(sh), 1, f);
219	
220	    memset(&sh, 0, sizeof(sh));
221	    sh.sh_name = name_strtab;
222	    sh.sh_type = SHT_STRTAB;
223	    sh.sh_offset = off_strtab;
224	    sh.sh_size = strtab.len;
225	    sh.sh_addralign = 1;
226	    fwrite(&sh, sizeof(sh), 1, f);
227	
228	    memset(&sh, 0, sizeof(sh));
229	    sh.sh_name = name_shstrtab;
230	    sh.sh_type = SHT_STRTAB;
231	    sh.sh_offset = off_shstrtab;
232	    sh.sh_size = shstrtab.len;
233	    sh.sh_addralign = 1;
234	    fwrite(&sh, sizeof(sh), 1, f);
235	
236	    fclose(f);
237	    return 0;
238	}
239	

DBG: write_elf32 entered
DBG: n_content=2
DBG: content loop i=0 s=0
DBG: about to SEC_NAMES[0]
DBG: strtab_add done
DBG: content loop i=1 s=3
DBG: about to SEC_NAMES[3]
DBG: strtab_add done
DBG: content_secs loop 1 done
DBG: write_elf32 entered
DBG: n_content=4
DBG: content loop i=0 s=0
DBG: about to SEC_NAMES[0]
DBG: strtab_add done
DBG: content loop i=1 s=1
DBG: about to SEC_NAMES[1]
DBG: strtab_add done
DBG: content loop i=2 s=2
DBG: about to SEC_NAMES[2]
DBG: strtab_add done
DBG: content loop i=3 s=3
DBG: about to SEC_NAMES[3]
DBG: strtab_add done
DBG: content_secs loop 1 done
DBG: write_elf32 entered
DBG: n_content=3
DBG: content loop i=0 s=0
DBG: about to SEC_NAMES[0]
DBG: strtab_add done
DBG: content loop i=1 s=1
DBG: about to SEC_NAMES[1]
DBG: strtab_add done
DBG: content loop i=2 s=3
DBG: about to SEC_NAMES[3]
DBG: strtab_add done
DBG: content_secs loop 1 done
DBG: write_elf32 entered
DBG: n_content=1
DBG: content loop i=0 s=0
DBG: about to SEC_NAMES[0]
DBG: strtab_add done
DBG: content_secs loop 1 done
DBG: write_elf32 entered
DBG: n_content=3
DBG: content loop i=0 s=0
DBG: about to SEC_NAMES[0]
DBG: strtab_add done
DBG: content loop i=1 s=2
DBG: about to SEC_NAMES[2]
DBG: strtab_add done
DBG: content loop i=2 s=3
DBG: about to SEC_NAMES[3]
DBG: strtab_add done
DBG: content_secs loop 1 done
DBG: write_elf32 entered
DBG: n_content=3
DBG: content loop i=0 s=0
DBG: about to SEC_NAMES[0]
DBG: strtab_add done
DBG: content loop i=1 s=1
DBG: about to SEC_NAMES[1]
DBG: strtab_add done
DBG: content loop i=2 s=3
DBG: about to SEC_NAMES[3]
DBG: strtab_add done
DBG: content_secs loop 1 done
DBG: write_elf32 entered
DBG: n_content=1
DBG: content loop i=0 s=0
DBG: about to SEC_NAMES[0]
DBG: strtab_add done
DBG: content_secs loop 1 done
DBG: write_elf32 entered
DBG: n_content=1
DBG: content loop i=0 s=0
DBG: about to SEC_NAMES[0]
DBG: strtab_add done
DBG: content_secs loop 1 done
DBG: write_elf32 entered
DBG: n_content=3
DBG: content loop i=0 s=0
DBG: about to SEC_NAMES[0]
DBG: strtab_add done
DBG: content loop i=1 s=1
DBG: about to SEC_NAMES[1]
DBG: strtab_add done
DBG: content loop i=2 s=3
DBG: about to SEC_NAMES[3]
DBG: strtab_add done
DBG: content_secs loop 1 done
DBG: write_elf32 entered
DBG: n_content=2
DBG: content loop i=0 s=0
DBG: about to SEC_NAMES[0]
DBG: strtab_add done
DBG: content loop i=1 s=2
DBG: about to SEC_NAMES[2]
DBG: strtab_add done
DBG: content_secs loop 1 done
DBG: write_elf32 entered
DBG: n_content=1
DBG: content loop i=0 s=0
DBG: about to SEC_NAMES[0]
DBG: strtab_add done
DBG: content_secs loop 1 done
/bin/bash: line 23: 3739878 Segmentation fault      (core dumped) timeout 3 ./build/stage2_dbg3/as -f elf32 -o /tmp/tmin5.o /tmp/tmin5.S > /tmp/elfw_trace.log 2>&1
exit=139
DBG: write_elf32 entered
DBG: n_content=2
DBG: content loop i=0 s=0
DBG: about to SEC_NAMES[0]
DBG: strtab_add done
DBG: content loop i=1 s=1
DBG: about to SEC_NAMES[1]
DBG: strtab_add done
DBG: content_secs loop 1 done

DBG: write_elf32 entered
DBG: n_content=2
DBG: content loop i=0 s=0
DBG: about to SEC_NAMES[0]
DBG: strtab_add done
DBG: content loop i=1 s=3
DBG: about to SEC_NAMES[3]
DBG: strtab_add done
DBG: content_secs loop 1 done
DBG: reloc-name loop starting
DBG: reloc-name i=0 s=0 reloc_for[s]=1
DBG: nm=.rel.text
DBG: reloc-name strtab_add done
DBG: reloc-name i=1 s=3 reloc_for[s]=0
DBG: reloc-name loop done
DBG: write_elf32 entered
DBG: n_content=4
DBG: content loop i=0 s=0
DBG: about to SEC_NAMES[0]
DBG: strtab_add done
DBG: content loop i=1 s=1
DBG: about to SEC_NAMES[1]
DBG: strtab_add done
DBG: content loop i=2 s=2
DBG: about to SEC_NAMES[2]
DBG: strtab_add done
DBG: content loop i=3 s=3
DBG: about to SEC_NAMES[3]
DBG: strtab_add done
DBG: content_secs loop 1 done
DBG: reloc-name loop starting
DBG: reloc-name i=0 s=0 reloc_for[s]=1
DBG: nm=.rel.text
DBG: reloc-name strtab_add done
DBG: reloc-name i=1 s=1 reloc_for[s]=1
DBG: nm=.rel.data
DBG: reloc-name strtab_add done
DBG: reloc-name i=2 s=2 reloc_for[s]=0
DBG: reloc-name i=3 s=3 reloc_for[s]=0
DBG: reloc-name loop done
DBG: write_elf32 entered
DBG: n_content=3
DBG: content loop i=0 s=0
DBG: about to SEC_NAMES[0]
DBG: strtab_add done
DBG: content loop i=1 s=1
DBG: about to SEC_NAMES[1]
DBG: strtab_add done
DBG: content loop i=2 s=3
DBG: about to SEC_NAMES[3]
DBG: strtab_add done
DBG: content_secs loop 1 done
DBG: reloc-name loop starting
DBG: reloc-name i=0 s=0 reloc_for[s]=1
DBG: nm=.rel.text
DBG: reloc-name strtab_add done
DBG: reloc-name i=1 s=1 reloc_for[s]=1
DBG: nm=.rel.data
DBG: reloc-name strtab_add done
DBG: reloc-name i=2 s=3 reloc_for[s]=0
DBG: reloc-name loop done
DBG: write_elf32 entered
DBG: n_content=1
DBG: content loop i=0 s=0
DBG: about to SEC_NAMES[0]
DBG: strtab_add done
DBG: content_secs loop 1 done
DBG: reloc-name loop starting
DBG: reloc-name i=0 s=0 reloc_for[s]=1
DBG: nm=.rel.text
DBG: reloc-name strtab_add done
DBG: reloc-name loop done
DBG: write_elf32 entered
DBG: n_content=3
DBG: content loop i=0 s=0
DBG: about to SEC_NAMES[0]
DBG: strtab_add done
DBG: content loop i=1 s=2
DBG: about to SEC_NAMES[2]
DBG: strtab_add done
DBG: content loop i=2 s=3
DBG: about to SEC_NAMES[3]
DBG: strtab_add done
DBG: content_secs loop 1 done
DBG: reloc-name loop starting
DBG: reloc-name i=0 s=0 reloc_for[s]=1
DBG: nm=.rel.text
DBG: reloc-name strtab_add done
DBG: reloc-name i=1 s=2 reloc_for[s]=0
DBG: reloc-name i=2 s=3 reloc_for[s]=0
DBG: reloc-name loop done
DBG: write_elf32 entered
DBG: n_content=3
DBG: content loop i=0 s=0
DBG: about to SEC_NAMES[0]
DBG: strtab_add done
DBG: content loop i=1 s=1
DBG: about to SEC_NAMES[1]
DBG: strtab_add done
DBG: content loop i=2 s=3
DBG: about to SEC_NAMES[3]
DBG: strtab_add done
DBG: content_secs loop 1 done
DBG: reloc-name loop starting
DBG: reloc-name i=0 s=0 reloc_for[s]=1
DBG: nm=.rel.text
DBG: reloc-name strtab_add done
DBG: reloc-name i=1 s=1 reloc_for[s]=1
DBG: nm=.rel.data
DBG: reloc-name strtab_add done
DBG: reloc-name i=2 s=3 reloc_for[s]=0
DBG: reloc-name loop done
DBG: write_elf32 entered
DBG: n_content=1
DBG: content loop i=0 s=0
DBG: about to SEC_NAMES[0]
DBG: strtab_add done
DBG: content_secs loop 1 done
DBG: reloc-name loop starting
DBG: reloc-name i=0 s=0 reloc_for[s]=0
DBG: reloc-name loop done
DBG: write_elf32 entered
DBG: n_content=1
DBG: content loop i=0 s=0
DBG: about to SEC_NAMES[0]
DBG: strtab_add done
DBG: content_secs loop 1 done
DBG: reloc-name loop starting
DBG: reloc-name i=0 s=0 reloc_for[s]=0
DBG: reloc-name loop done
DBG: write_elf32 entered
DBG: n_content=3
DBG: content loop i=0 s=0
DBG: about to SEC_NAMES[0]
DBG: strtab_add done
DBG: content loop i=1 s=1
DBG: about to SEC_NAMES[1]
DBG: strtab_add done
DBG: content loop i=2 s=3
DBG: about to SEC_NAMES[3]
DBG: strtab_add done
DBG: content_secs loop 1 done
DBG: reloc-name loop starting
DBG: reloc-name i=0 s=0 reloc_for[s]=1
DBG: nm=.rel.text
DBG: reloc-name strtab_add done
DBG: reloc-name i=1 s=1 reloc_for[s]=0
DBG: reloc-name i=2 s=3 reloc_for[s]=0
DBG: reloc-name loop done
DBG: write_elf32 entered
DBG: n_content=2
DBG: content loop i=0 s=0
DBG: about to SEC_NAMES[0]
DBG: strtab_add done
DBG: content loop i=1 s=2
DBG: about to SEC_NAMES[2]
DBG: strtab_add done
DBG: content_secs loop 1 done
DBG: reloc-name loop starting
DBG: reloc-name i=0 s=0 reloc_for[s]=1
DBG: nm=.rel.text
DBG: reloc-name strtab_add done
DBG: reloc-name i=1 s=2 reloc_for[s]=0
DBG: reloc-name loop done
DBG: write_elf32 entered
DBG: n_content=1
DBG: content loop i=0 s=0
DBG: about to SEC_NAMES[0]
DBG: strtab_add done
DBG: content_secs loop 1 done
DBG: reloc-name loop starting
DBG: reloc-name i=0 s=0 reloc_for[s]=0
DBG: reloc-name loop done
/bin/bash: line 23: 3742101 Segmentation fault      (core dumped) timeout 3 ./build/stage2_dbg4/as -f elf32 -o /tmp/tmin5.o /tmp/tmin5.S > /tmp/elfw_trace2.log 2>&1
exit=139
DBG: write_elf32 entered
DBG: n_content=2
DBG: content loop i=0 s=0
DBG: about to SEC_NAMES[0]
DBG: strtab_add done
DBG: content loop i=1 s=1
DBG: about to SEC_NAMES[1]
DBG: strtab_add done
DBG: content_secs loop 1 done
DBG: reloc-name loop starting
DBG: reloc-name i=0 s=0 reloc_for[s]=1
DBG: nm=.rel.text
DBG: reloc-name strtab_add done
DBG: reloc-name i=1 s=1 reloc_for[s]=0
DBG: reloc-name loop done

<persisted-output>
Output too large (346.3KB). Full output saved to: /home/martin/.claude/projects/-home-martin-workspace-prototypes-boot-to-claude/03468d1c-5b29-4e24-8f0d-2a7435d227ab/tool-results/bqbhgmo06.txt

Preview (first 2KB):
DBG: write_elf32 entered
DBG: n_content=2
DBG: content loop i=0 s=0
DBG: about to SEC_NAMES[0]
DBG: strtab_add done
DBG: content loop i=1 s=3
DBG: about to SEC_NAMES[3]
DBG: strtab_add done
DBG: content_secs loop 1 done
DBG: reloc-name loop starting
DBG: reloc-name i=0 s=0 reloc_for[s]=1
DBG: nm=.rel.text
DBG: reloc-name strtab_add done
DBG: reloc-name i=1 s=3 reloc_for[s]=0
DBG: reloc-name loop done
DBG: symtab loop starting nsyms=19
DBG: symtab pass=0 i=0 name=fopen
DBG: symtab pass=0 i=1 name=perror
DBG: symtab pass=0 i=2 name=fwrite
DBG: symtab pass=0 i=3 name=fclose
DBG: symtab pass=0 i=4 name=g_stdout_file
DBG: symtab pass=0 i=5 name=g_stderr_file
DBG: symtab pass=0 i=6 name=safe_strcpy
DBG: defined, section=0 shidx_content[section]=1
DBG: symtab entry done nsym=2
DBG: symtab pass=0 i=7 name=safe_strcpy.L0
DBG: defined, section=0 shidx_content[section]=1
DBG: symtab entry done nsym=3
DBG: symtab pass=0 i=8 name=safe_strcpy.L3
DBG: defined, section=0 shidx_content[section]=1
DBG: symtab entry done nsym=4
DBG: symtab pass=0 i=9 name=safe_strcpy.L4
DBG: defined, section=0 shidx_content[section]=1
DBG: symtab entry done nsym=5
DBG: symtab pass=0 i=10 name=safe_strcpy.L2
DBG: defined, section=0 shidx_content[section]=1
DBG: symtab entry done nsym=6
DBG: symtab pass=0 i=11 name=safe_strcpy.L1
DBG: defined, section=0 shidx_content[section]=1
DBG: symtab entry done nsym=7
DBG: symtab pass=0 i=12 name=write_bin
DBG: symtab pass=0 i=13 name=write_bin.L5
DBG: defined, section=0 shidx_content[section]=1
DBG: symtab entry done nsym=8
DBG: symtab pass=0 i=14 name=write_bin.L6
DBG: defined, section=0 shidx_content[section]=1
DBG: symtab entry done nsym=9
DBG: symtab pass=0 i=15 name=write_bin.L7
DBG: defined, section=0 shidx_content[section]=1
DBG: symtab entry done nsym=10
DBG: symtab pass=0 i=16 name=write_bin.L8
DBG: defined, section=0 shidx_content[section]=1
DBG: symtab entry done nsym=11
DBG: symtab pass=0 i=17 name=__str_0
...
</persisted-output>

DBG: defined, section=0 shidx_content[section]=1
DBG: symtab entry done nsym=40
DBG: symtab pass=1 i=25 name=strcpy.L19
DBG: symtab pass=1 i=26 name=strcpy.L20
DBG: symtab pass=1 i=27 name=strchr
DBG: defined, section=0 shidx_content[section]=1
DBG: symtab entry done nsym=41
DBG: symtab pass=1 i=28 name=strchr.L21
DBG: symtab pass=1 i=29 name=strchr.L23
DBG: symtab pass=1 i=30 name=strchr.L24
DBG: symtab pass=1 i=31 name=strchr.L22
DBG: symtab pass=1 i=32 name=strchr.L25
DBG: symtab pass=1 i=33 name=strchr.L26
DBG: symtab pass=1 i=34 name=strrchr
DBG: defined, section=0 shidx_content[section]=1
DBG: symtab entry done nsym=42
DBG: symtab pass=1 i=35 name=strrchr.L27
DBG: symtab pass=1 i=36 name=strrchr.L29
DBG: symtab pass=1 i=37 name=strrchr.L30
DBG: symtab pass=1 i=38 name=strrchr.L28
DBG: symtab pass=1 i=39 name=strrchr.L31
DBG: symtab pass=1 i=40 name=strrchr.L32
DBG: symtab loop done nsym=42
/bin/bash: line 23: 3742234 Segmentation fault      (core dumped) timeout 3 ./build/stage2_dbg5/as -f elf32 -o /tmp/tmin5.o /tmp/tmin5.S > /tmp/elfw_trace3.log 2>&1
exit=139
DBG: reloc-name loop done
DBG: symtab loop starting nsyms=3
DBG: symtab pass=0 i=0 name=main
DBG: symtab pass=0 i=1 name=_start
DBG: symtab pass=0 i=2 name=g_inodes
DBG: defined, section=1 shidx_content[section]=2
DBG: symtab entry done nsym=2
DBG: symtab pass=1 i=0 name=main
DBG: defined, section=0 shidx_content[section]=1
DBG: symtab entry done nsym=3
DBG: symtab pass=1 i=1 name=_start
DBG: defined, section=0 shidx_content[section]=1
DBG: symtab entry done nsym=4
DBG: symtab pass=1 i=2 name=g_inodes
DBG: symtab loop done nsym=4

<persisted-output>
Output too large (406.9KB). Full output saved to: /home/martin/.claude/projects/-home-martin-workspace-prototypes-boot-to-claude/03468d1c-5b29-4e24-8f0d-2a7435d227ab/tool-results/bg5ezhaku.txt

Preview (first 2KB):
DBG: write_elf32 entered
DBG: n_content=2
DBG: content loop i=0 s=0
DBG: about to SEC_NAMES[0]
DBG: strtab_add done
DBG: content loop i=1 s=3
DBG: about to SEC_NAMES[3]
DBG: strtab_add done
DBG: content_secs loop 1 done
DBG: reloc-name loop starting
DBG: reloc-name i=0 s=0 reloc_for[s]=1
DBG: nm=.rel.text
DBG: reloc-name strtab_add done
DBG: reloc-name i=1 s=3 reloc_for[s]=0
DBG: reloc-name loop done
DBG: symtab loop starting nsyms=19
DBG: symtab pass=0 i=0 name=fopen
DBG: symtab pass=0 i=1 name=perror
DBG: symtab pass=0 i=2 name=fwrite
DBG: symtab pass=0 i=3 name=fclose
DBG: symtab pass=0 i=4 name=g_stdout_file
DBG: symtab pass=0 i=5 name=g_stderr_file
DBG: symtab pass=0 i=6 name=safe_strcpy
DBG: defined, section=0 shidx_content[section]=1
DBG: symtab entry done nsym=2
DBG: symtab pass=0 i=7 name=safe_strcpy.L0
DBG: defined, section=0 shidx_content[section]=1
DBG: symtab entry done nsym=3
DBG: symtab pass=0 i=8 name=safe_strcpy.L3
DBG: defined, section=0 shidx_content[section]=1
DBG: symtab entry done nsym=4
DBG: symtab pass=0 i=9 name=safe_strcpy.L4
DBG: defined, section=0 shidx_content[section]=1
DBG: symtab entry done nsym=5
DBG: symtab pass=0 i=10 name=safe_strcpy.L2
DBG: defined, section=0 shidx_content[section]=1
DBG: symtab entry done nsym=6
DBG: symtab pass=0 i=11 name=safe_strcpy.L1
DBG: defined, section=0 shidx_content[section]=1
DBG: symtab entry done nsym=7
DBG: symtab pass=0 i=12 name=write_bin
DBG: symtab pass=0 i=13 name=write_bin.L5
DBG: defined, section=0 shidx_content[section]=1
DBG: symtab entry done nsym=8
DBG: symtab pass=0 i=14 name=write_bin.L6
DBG: defined, section=0 shidx_content[section]=1
DBG: symtab entry done nsym=9
DBG: symtab pass=0 i=15 name=write_bin.L7
DBG: defined, section=0 shidx_content[section]=1
DBG: symtab entry done nsym=10
DBG: symtab pass=0 i=16 name=write_bin.L8
DBG: defined, section=0 shidx_content[section]=1
DBG: symtab entry done nsym=11
DBG: symtab pass=0 i=17 name=__str_0
...
</persisted-output>

160:static void codegen_binop(node_t *n) {
161-    int a_is_ptr = n->a->type->kind == TY_PTR || n->a->type->kind == TY_ARRAY;
162-    codegen_expr(n->b);
163-    out("    push eax\n");
164-    codegen_expr(n->a);
165-    out("    pop ecx\n");
166-    /* Pointer arithmetic: scale whichever side is the integer operand.
167-     * eax=a, ecx=b at this point (per the evaluation order above). */
168-    if ((n->op == TK_PLUS || n->op == TK_MINUS) && (n->type->kind == TY_PTR || n->type->kind == TY_ARRAY)) {
169-        int sz = type_size(n->type->base);
170-        if (a_is_ptr) {
171-            if (sz > 1) out("    imul ecx, ecx, %d\n", sz);
172-        } else {
173-            /* eax=int, ecx=pointer - scale eax then swap via the stack
174-             * (no xchg instruction in this ISA) so eax ends up holding
175-             * the pointer and ecx the scaled offset, matching every
176-             * other case's eax-is-left-operand convention below. */
177-            if (sz > 1) out("    imul eax, eax, %d\n", sz);
178-            out("    push eax\n    mov eax, ecx\n    pop ecx\n");
179-        }
180-    }
181-
182-    switch (n->op) {
183-        case TK_PLUS: out("    add eax, ecx\n"); return;
184-        case TK_MINUS: out("    sub eax, ecx\n"); return;
185-        case TK_STAR: out("    imul eax, ecx\n"); return;
186-        case TK_SLASH: out("    cdq\n    idiv ecx\n"); return;
187-        case TK_PERCENT: out("    cdq\n    idiv ecx\n    mov eax, edx\n"); return;
188-        case TK_AMP: out("    and eax, ecx\n"); return;
189-        case TK_PIPE: out("    or eax, ecx\n"); return;
190-        case TK_CARET: out("    xor eax, ecx\n"); return;
191-        /* eax=value, ecx=count already, from the evaluation order above -
192-         * the shift-count-in-CL hardware requirement is satisfied
193-         * directly, no register shuffling needed. */
194-        case TK_SHL: out("    shl eax, cl\n"); return;
195-        case TK_SHR: out("    shr eax, cl\n"); return;
196-        case TK_EQ: out("    cmp eax, ecx\n    sete al\n    movzx eax, al\n"); return;
197-        case TK_NEQ: out("    cmp eax, ecx\n    setne al\n    movzx eax, al\n"); return;
198-        case TK_LT: out("    cmp eax, ecx\n    setl al\n    movzx eax, al\n"); return;
199-        case TK_LE: out("    cmp eax, ecx\n    setle al\n    movzx eax, al\n"); return;
200-        case TK_GT: out("    cmp eax, ecx\n    setg al\n    movzx eax, al\n"); return;

/tmp/t11: Permission denied.
No executable file specified.
Use the "file" or "exec-file" command.
The program has no registers now.
No registers.
BITS 32
section .text
global main
main:
    push ebp
    mov ebp, esp
    sub esp, 8
    lea eax, [ebp-4]
    push eax
    mov eax, 0
    pop ecx
    mov [ecx], eax
    lea eax, [ebp-8]
    push eax
    mov eax, 0
    pop ecx
    mov [ecx], eax
.L0:
    mov eax, 1
    push eax
    mov eax, 5
    pop ecx
    cdq
    idiv ecx
    push eax
    lea eax, [ebp-8]
    mov eax, [eax]
    pop ecx
    cmp eax, ecx
    setl al
    movzx eax, al
    cmp eax, 0
    je .L1
    lea eax, [ebp-4]
    push eax
    lea eax, [ebp-8]
    mov eax, [eax]
    push eax
    lea eax, [table]
    pop ecx
    add eax, ecx
    movzx eax, byte [eax]
    push eax
    pop ecx
    mov edx, [esp]
    mov eax, [edx]
    add eax, ecx
    pop ecx
    mov [ecx], eax
.L2:
    lea eax, [ebp-8]
    mov ecx, eax
    mov eax, [ecx]
    mov edx, eax
    add eax, 1
    mov [ecx], eax
    mov eax, edx
    jmp .L0
.L1:
    mov eax, 1
    push eax
    mov eax, 5
    pop ecx
    cdq
    idiv ecx
    push eax
    lea eax, [ebp-4]
    mov eax, [eax]
    pop ecx
    add eax, ecx
    mov esp, ebp
    pop ebp
    ret
    mov eax, 0
    mov esp, ebp
    pop ebp
    ret
global _start
_start:
    mov eax, [esp]
    lea ecx, [esp+4]
    push ecx
    push eax
    call main
    mov ebx, eax
    mov eax, 1
    int 0x80
section .data
table:
    db 10
    db 20
    db 30
    db 40
    db 50

237:    /* --- generic 32-bit ALU ops (add/or/and/sub/xor/cmp): reg<->reg,
            return e.len;
        }
        if (a->kind == OPND_REG && b->kind == OPND_IMM && is_reg16(a->reg) && st->bits == 16) {
            e8(&e, (uint8_t)(0xB8 + regnum(a->reg)));
            int64_t v = b->has_sym ? resolve_abs(ctx, is_bin, b->sym, b->disp, st->section, st->offset + 1, strict) : b->disp;
            e16(&e, (uint16_t)v);
            return e.len;
        }
        if (a->kind == OPND_REG && b->kind == OPND_IMM && is_reg16(a->reg) && st->bits == 32) {
            e8(&e, 0x66);
            e8(&e, (uint8_t)(0xB8 + regnum(a->reg)));
            int64_t v = b->has_sym ? resolve_abs(ctx, is_bin, b->sym, b->disp, st->section, st->offset + 2, strict) : b->disp;
            e16(&e, (uint16_t)v);
            return e.len;
        }
        if (a->kind == OPND_REG && b->kind == OPND_IMM && is_reg32(a->reg)) {
            e8(&e, (uint8_t)(0xB8 + regnum(a->reg)));
            int64_t v = b->has_sym
                ? resolve_abs(ctx, is_bin, b->sym, b->disp, st->section, st->offset + 1, strict)
                : b->disp;
            e32(&e, (uint32_t)v);
            return e.len;
        }
        if (a->kind == OPND_REG && b->kind == OPND_REG && is_reg16(a->reg) && is_reg16(b->reg)) {
            e8(&e, 0x8B);
            e8(&e, (uint8_t)(0xC0 | (regnum(a->reg) << 3) | regnum(b->reg)));
            return e.len;
        }
        /* mov r16, r/m16 and mov r/m16, r16 in 32-bit code - e.g.
         * `mov ax, [eax]` / `mov [ecx], ax`, the pair CC's codegen uses
         * for 16-bit (uint16_t/short) loads/stores via the same general
         * register-based addressing forms encode_rm32 already handles
         * for 32-bit operands. Only the operand-size prefix (0x66)
         * differs from the 32-bit mov r32,r/m32 case below - the
         * addressing byte(s) are identical either way. Distinct from the
         * st->bits==16 bare-label forms right below, which are for
         * 16-bit *code* (real mode), not 32-bit code touching a 16-bit
         * operand. */
        if (st->bits == 32 && a->kind == OPND_REG && is_reg16(a->reg) && b->kind == OPND_MEM) {
            e8(&e, 0x66); e8(&e, 0x8B);
            encode_rm32(&e, ctx, is_bin, b, regnum(a->reg), st->section, st->offset, strict);
            return e.len;
        }
        if (st->bits == 32 && a->kind == OPND_MEM && b->kind == OPND_REG && is_reg16(b->reg)) {
            e8(&e, 0x66); e8(&e, 0x89);
            encode_rm32(&e, ctx, is_bin, a, regnum(b->reg), st->section, st->offset, strict);
            return e.len;
        }
        if (st->bits == 16 && a->kind == OPND_REG && is_reg16(a->reg) && b->kind == OPND_MEM && !b->reg) {
            e8(&e, 0x8B);
            e8(&e, (uint8_t)(0x06 | (regnum(a->reg) << 3)));
            e16(&e, (uint16_t)resolve_abs(ctx, is_bin, b->sym, b->disp, st->section, st->offset + (uint32_t)e.len, strict));
            return e.len;
        }
        if (st->bits == 16 && a->kind == OPND_MEM && !a->reg && b->kind == OPND_REG && is_reg16(b->reg)) {
            e8(&e, 0x89);
            e8(&e, (uint8_t)(0x06 | (regnum(b->reg) << 3)));
            e16(&e, (uint16_t)resolve_abs(ctx, is_bin, a->sym, a->disp, st->section, st->offset + (uint32_t)e.len, strict));
            return e.len;
        }
        if (st->bits == 16 && a->kind == OPND_REG && is_reg32(a->reg) && b->kind == OPND_MEM && !b->reg) {
            e8(&e, 0x66); e8(&e, 0x8B);
            e8(&e, (uint8_t)(0x06 | (regnum(a->reg) << 3)));
            e16(&e, (uint16_t)resolve_abs(ctx, is_bin, b->sym, b->disp, st->section, st->offset + (uint32_t)e.len, strict));
            return e.len;
        }
        if (st->bits == 16 && a->kind == OPND_MEM && !a->reg && b->kind == OPND_REG && is_reg32(b->reg)) {
            e8(&e, 0x66); e8(&e, 0x89);
            e8(&e, (uint8_t)(0x06 | (regnum(b->reg) << 3)));
            e16(&e, (uint16_t)resolve_abs(ctx, is_bin, a->sym, a->disp, st->section, st->offset + (uint32_t)e.len, strict));
            return e.len;
        }
        if (st->bits == 16 && a->kind == OPND_MEM && !a->reg && b->kind == OPND_IMM && a->size_override == 2) {
            e8(&e, 0xC7);
            e8(&e, (uint8_t)0x06);
            e16(&e, (uint16_t)resolve_abs(ctx, is_bin, a->sym, a->disp, st->section, st->offset + (uint32_t)e.len, strict));
            int64_t v = b->has_sym ? resolve_abs(ctx, is_bin, b->sym, b->disp, st->section, st->offset + (uint32_t)e.len + 2, strict) : b->disp;
            e16(&e, (uint16_t)v);
            return e.len;
        }
        if (st->bits == 16 && a->kind == OPND_MEM && !a->reg && b->kind == OPND_IMM && a->size_override == 4) {

237	    /* --- generic 32-bit ALU ops (add/or/and/sub/xor/cmp): reg<->reg,
238	     * reg<->mem(ebp/esp/label), reg<->imm32 - what CC's codegen emits.
239	     * Gated on bits==32 so this can never shadow the 16-bit real-mode
240	     * forms below (which have their own, narrower matches). */
241	    {
242	        int base, ext;
243	        if (st->bits == 32 && alu_lookup(m, &base, &ext)) {
244	            if (a->kind == OPND_REG && is_reg32(a->reg) && (b->kind == OPND_REG || b->kind == OPND_MEM)) {
245	                e8(&e, (uint8_t)(base + 3)); /* r32, r/m32 */
246	                encode_rm32(&e, ctx, is_bin, b, regnum(a->reg), st->section, st->offset, strict);
247	                return e.len;
248	            }
249	            if ((a->kind == OPND_REG || a->kind == OPND_MEM) && b->kind == OPND_REG && is_reg32(b->reg)) {
250	                e8(&e, (uint8_t)(base + 1)); /* r/m32, r32 */
251	                encode_rm32(&e, ctx, is_bin, a, regnum(b->reg), st->section, st->offset, strict);
252	                return e.len;
253	            }
254	            if ((a->kind == OPND_REG || a->kind == OPND_MEM) && b->kind == OPND_IMM) {
255	                e8(&e, 0x81); /* r/m32, imm32 (always full-size - no imm8 sign-extend optimization) */
256	                encode_rm32(&e, ctx, is_bin, a, ext, st->section, st->offset, strict);
257	                int64_t v = b->has_sym
258	                    ? resolve_abs(ctx, is_bin, b->sym, b->disp, st->section, st->offset + (uint32_t)e.len, strict)
259	                    : b->disp;
260	                e32(&e, (uint32_t)v);
261	                return e.len;
262	            }
263	        }
264	    }
265	
266	    if (strcmp(m, "xor") == 0 || strcmp(m, "or") == 0 || strcmp(m, "sub") == 0 || strcmp(m, "add") == 0) {
267	        int ext = strcmp(m, "add") == 0 ? 0 : strcmp(m, "or") == 0 ? 1 : strcmp(m, "sub") == 0 ? 5 : 6; /* xor */
268	        if (a->kind == OPND_REG && b->kind == OPND_REG && is_reg32(a->reg) && is_reg32(b->reg)) {
269	            e8(&e, (uint8_t)(0x01 + ext * 8));
270	            e8(&e, (uint8_t)(0xC0 | (regnum(b->reg) << 3) | regnum(a->reg)));
271	            return e.len;
272	        }
273	        if (a->kind == OPND_REG && b->kind == OPND_REG && is_reg16(a->reg) && is_reg16(b->reg)) {
274	            e8(&e, (uint8_t)(0x01 + ext * 8));
275	            e8(&e, (uint8_t)(0xC0 | (regnum(b->reg) << 3) | regnum(a->reg)));
276	            return e.len;
277	        }
278	        if (a->kind == OPND_REG && b->kind == OPND_REG && is_reg8(a->reg) && is_reg8(b->reg)) {
279	            e8(&e, (uint8_t)(0x00 + ext * 8));
280	            e8(&e, (uint8_t)(0xC0 | (regnum(b->reg) << 3) | regnum(a->reg)));
281	            return e.len;
282	        }
283	        if (a->kind == OPND_REG && a->reg == R_AL && b->kind == OPND_IMM) {
284	            e8(&e, (uint8_t)(0x04 + ext * 8));
285	            e8(&e, (uint8_t)b->disp);
286	            return e.len;
287	        }
288	        if (a->kind == OPND_REG && a->reg == R_EAX && b->kind == OPND_IMM && st->bits == 16) {
289	            e8(&e, 0x66);
290	            e8(&e, (uint8_t)(0x05 + ext * 8));
291	            e32(&e, (uint32_t)b->disp);
292	            return e.len;
293	        }
294	        if (st->bits == 16 && a->kind == OPND_MEM && !a->reg && b->kind == OPND_REG && is_reg32(b->reg)) {
295	            e8(&e, 0x66);
296	            e8(&e, (uint8_t)(0x01 + ext * 8));
297	            e8(&e, (uint8_t)(0x06 | (regnum(b->reg) << 3)));
298	            e16(&e, (uint16_t)resolve_abs(ctx, is_bin, a->sym, a->disp, st->section, st->offset + (uint32_t)e.len, strict));
299	            return e.len;
300	        }
301	        if (st->bits == 16 && a->kind == OPND_MEM && !a->reg && b->kind == OPND_REG && is_reg16(b->reg)) {
302	            e8(&e, (uint8_t)(0x01 + ext * 8));
303	            e8(&e, (uint8_t)(0x06 | (regnum(b->reg) << 3)));
304	            e16(&e, (uint16_t)resolve_abs(ctx, is_bin, a->sym, a->disp, st->section, st->offset + (uint32_t)e.len, strict));
305	            return e.len;
306	        }
307	    }
308	
309	    if (strcmp(m, "cmp") == 0) {
310	        if (a->kind == OPND_REG && is_reg16(a->reg) && b->kind == OPND_IMM) {
311	            e8(&e, 0x81);
312	            e8(&e, (uint8_t)(0xF8 | regnum(a->reg)));
313	            e16(&e, (uint16_t)b->disp);
314	            return e.len;
315	        }
316	    }
317	
318	    if (strcmp(m, "mov") == 0) {
319	        if (is_sreg(a->reg) || is_sreg(b->reg)) {
320	            reg_t sreg = is_sreg(a->reg) ? a->reg : b->reg;
321	            e8(&e, 0x8E);
322	            e8(&e, (uint8_t)(0xC0 | (regnum(sreg) << 3) | regnum(b->reg == sreg ? a->reg : b->reg)));
323	            return e.len;
324	        }
325	        if (a->reg == R_CR0 && b->kind == OPND_REG && is_reg32(b->reg)) {
326	            e8(&e, 0x0F); e8(&e, 0x22);

#include "as.h"

#include <ctype.h>
#include <string.h>

void lexer_init(lexer_t *lx, const char *src) {
    lx->src = src;
    lx->pos = 0;
    lx->len = strlen(src);
}

static int peekc(lexer_t *lx) {
    return lx->pos < lx->len ? (unsigned char)lx->src[lx->pos] : -1;
}
static int peekc2(lexer_t *lx) {
    return lx->pos + 1 < lx->len ? (unsigned char)lx->src[lx->pos + 1] : -1;
}

static int is_ident_start(int c) {
    return isalpha(c) || c == '_' || c == '.';
}
static int is_ident_cont(int c) {
    return isalnum(c) || c == '_';
}

static token_t make(tok_kind_t k) {
    token_t t;
    memset(&t, 0, sizeof(t));
    t.kind = k;
    return t;
}

static int64_t parse_number(const char *text, int len) {
    if (len > 2 && text[0] == '0' && (text[1] == 'x' || text[1] == 'X')) {
        int64_t v = 0;
        for (int i = 2; i < len; i++) {
            char c = text[i];
            v *= 16;
            if (c >= '0' && c <= '9') v += c - '0';
            else if (c >= 'a' && c <= 'f') v += 10 + (c - 'a');
            else if (c >= 'A' && c <= 'F') v += 10 + (c - 'A');
        }
        return v;
    }
    if (len > 1 && (text[len - 1] == 'b' || text[len - 1] == 'B')) {
        int all01 = 1;
        for (int i = 0; i < len - 1; i++) {
            if (text[i] != '0' && text[i] != '1') { all01 = 0; break; }
        }
        if (all01) {
            int64_t v = 0;
            for (int i = 0; i < len - 1; i++) {
                v = v * 2 + (text[i] - '0');
            }
            return v;
        }
    }
    int64_t v = 0;
    for (int i = 0; i < len; i++) {
        v = v * 10 + (text[i] - '0');
    }
    return v;
}

token_t lexer_next(lexer_t *lx) {
    for (;;) {
        int c = peekc(lx);
        if (c == ' ' || c == '\t' || c == '\r') { lx->pos++; continue; }
        if (c == ';') {
            while (peekc(lx) != -1 && peekc(lx) != '\n') lx->pos++;

<persisted-output>
Output too large (152.8KB). Full output saved to: /home/martin/.claude/projects/-home-martin-workspace-prototypes-boot-to-claude/03468d1c-5b29-4e24-8f0d-2a7435d227ab/tool-results/bqq5cr16s.txt

Preview (first 2KB):
DBG: alu-imm mnem=sub b->disp=4 v=4 strict=0 out=0
DBG: alu-imm mnem=cmp b->disp=0 v=0 strict=0 out=0
DBG: alu-imm mnem=cmp b->disp=0 v=0 strict=0 out=0
DBG: alu-imm mnem=cmp b->disp=0 v=0 strict=0 out=0
DBG: alu-imm mnem=add b->disp=1 v=1 strict=0 out=0
DBG: alu-imm mnem=sub b->disp=4 v=4 strict=0 out=0
DBG: alu-imm mnem=cmp b->disp=1 v=1 strict=0 out=0
DBG: alu-imm mnem=cmp b->disp=9 v=9 strict=0 out=0
DBG: alu-imm mnem=cmp b->disp=17 v=17 strict=0 out=0
DBG: alu-imm mnem=cmp b->disp=2 v=2 strict=0 out=0
DBG: alu-imm mnem=cmp b->disp=10 v=10 strict=0 out=0
DBG: alu-imm mnem=cmp b->disp=18 v=18 strict=0 out=0
DBG: alu-imm mnem=cmp b->disp=3 v=3 strict=0 out=0
DBG: alu-imm mnem=cmp b->disp=11 v=11 strict=0 out=0
DBG: alu-imm mnem=cmp b->disp=19 v=19 strict=0 out=0
DBG: alu-imm mnem=cmp b->disp=4 v=4 strict=0 out=0
DBG: alu-imm mnem=cmp b->disp=12 v=12 strict=0 out=0
DBG: alu-imm mnem=cmp b->disp=20 v=20 strict=0 out=0
DBG: alu-imm mnem=cmp b->disp=5 v=5 strict=0 out=0
DBG: alu-imm mnem=cmp b->disp=13 v=13 strict=0 out=0
DBG: alu-imm mnem=cmp b->disp=21 v=21 strict=0 out=0
DBG: alu-imm mnem=cmp b->disp=6 v=6 strict=0 out=0
DBG: alu-imm mnem=cmp b->disp=14 v=14 strict=0 out=0
DBG: alu-imm mnem=cmp b->disp=22 v=22 strict=0 out=0
DBG: alu-imm mnem=cmp b->disp=7 v=7 strict=0 out=0
DBG: alu-imm mnem=cmp b->disp=15 v=15 strict=0 out=0
DBG: alu-imm mnem=cmp b->disp=23 v=23 strict=0 out=0
DBG: alu-imm mnem=cmp b->disp=8 v=8 strict=0 out=0
DBG: alu-imm mnem=cmp b->disp=16 v=16 strict=0 out=0
DBG: alu-imm mnem=cmp b->disp=24 v=24 strict=0 out=0
DBG: alu-imm mnem=cmp b->disp=25 v=25 strict=0 out=0
DBG: alu-imm mnem=cmp b->disp=26 v=26 strict=0 out=0
DBG: alu-imm mnem=cmp b->disp=27 v=27 strict=0 out=0
DBG: alu-imm mnem=cmp b->disp=28 v=28 strict=0 out=0
DBG: alu-imm mnem=cmp b->disp=29 v=29 strict=0 out=0
DBG: alu-imm mnem=cmp b->disp=30 v=30 strict=0 out=0
DBG: alu-imm mnem=cmp b->disp=31 v=31 strict=0 out=0
DBG: alu-imm mnem=cmp b->disp=0 v=0 strict=0 out=0
...
</persisted-output>

1074:static node_t *parse_global_var(parser_t *p, const char *name, type_t *t, int is_extern, int is_static) {
1075-    add_global(p, name, t);
1076-    node_t *n = node_new(ND_VAR_DECL);
1077-    safe_strcpy(n->name, name, MAX_NAME);
1078-    n->type = t;
1079-    n->is_global = 1;
1080-    n->is_extern_decl = is_extern;
1081-    n->is_file_static = is_static;
1082-    safe_strcpy(n->asm_label, name, MAX_NAME);
1083-    if (match(p, TK_ASSIGN)) n->init = parse_initializer(p);
1084-    /* `T name[] = { ... };` - array_len was left at -1 by parse_declarator
1085-     * (no size between the brackets), and type_size() treats a non-
1086-     * positive array_len as size 0 - silently making sizeof(name) come
1087-     * out as 0 instead of the real, initializer-inferred length. Fix it
1088-     * up now that the initializer list is available to count. */
1089-    if (t->kind == TY_ARRAY && t->array_len < 0 && n->init && n->init->kind == ND_BLOCK) {
1090-        int count = 0;
1091-        for (node_t *v = n->init->list; v; v = v->next) count++;
1092-        t->array_len = count;
1093-    }
1094-    return n;
1095-}
1096-
1097-static node_t *parse_func(parser_t *p, const char *name, type_t *functy,
1098-                            char param_names[][MAX_NAME], int n_params, int is_static) {
1099-    sym_t *fs = add_global(p, name, functy);
1100-
1101-    if (match(p, TK_SEMI)) return NULL; /* prototype only */
1102-
1103-    p->locals = NULL;
1104-    p->frame_size = 0;
1105-    p->cur_func_ret = functy->base;
1106-
1107-    node_t *n = node_new(ND_FUNC_DEF);
1108-    safe_strcpy(n->name, name, MAX_NAME);
1109-    n->type = functy->base;
1110-    n->is_global = !is_static; /* controls whether codegen emits `global` - C's static limits linkage */
1111-    safe_strcpy(n->asm_label, name, MAX_NAME);
1112-
1113-    /* cdecl: EBP+8, +12, ... for params, in order - except when the
1114-     * return type is a struct/union, which doesn't fit in EAX. That

171:static member_t *parse_struct_members(parser_t *p);
172-
173-static int is_type_start(parser_t *p) {
174-    if (!check(p, TK_IDENT)) return 0;
175-    const char *kws[] = { "void", "char", "short", "int", "long", "signed", "unsigned",
176-                           "struct", "union", "enum", "const", "volatile", "static", "extern", NULL };
177-    for (int i = 0; kws[i]; i++) if (strcmp(cur(p).text, kws[i]) == 0) return 1;
178-    return is_typedef_name(p, cur(p).text);
179-}
180-
181-/* Parses base type specifiers + storage class; returns the type and sets
182- * is_static and is_extern. Does not consume any declarator. */
183-static type_t *parse_type_spec(parser_t *p, int *is_static, int *is_extern) {
184-    int saw_void = 0, saw_char = 0, saw_short = 0, saw_int = 0, saw_long = 0, saw_unsigned = 0, saw_signed = 0;
185-    type_t *named = NULL;
186-    if (is_static) *is_static = 0;
187-    if (is_extern) *is_extern = 0;
188-
189-    for (;;) {
190-        if (match_kw(p, "static")) { if (is_static) *is_static = 1; continue; }
191-        if (match_kw(p, "extern")) { if (is_extern) *is_extern = 1; continue; }
192-        if (match_kw(p, "const") || match_kw(p, "volatile") || match_kw(p, "inline")) continue;
193-        if (match_kw(p, "void")) { saw_void = 1; continue; }
194-        if (match_kw(p, "char")) { saw_char = 1; continue; }
195-        if (match_kw(p, "short")) { saw_short = 1; continue; }
196-        if (match_kw(p, "int")) { saw_int = 1; continue; }
197-        /* long == int on this 32-bit target (both 4 bytes) - no `long
198-         * long`/`unsigned long` anywhere in the codebase (see
199-         * docs/toolchain.md), so a same-size alias is enough. */
200-        if (match_kw(p, "long")) { saw_long = 1; continue; }
201-        if (match_kw(p, "signed")) { saw_signed = 1; continue; }
202-        if (match_kw(p, "unsigned")) { saw_unsigned = 1; continue; }
203-        if (is_kw(p, "struct") || is_kw(p, "union")) {
204-            int is_union = is_kw(p, "union");
205-            advance(p);
206-            char tagname[MAX_NAME] = {0};
207-            if (check(p, TK_IDENT)) { safe_strcpy(tagname, cur(p).text, MAX_NAME); advance(p); }
208-            type_t *st;
209-            tag_t *existing = tagname[0] ? tag_find(p, tagname) : NULL;
210-            if (check(p, TK_LBRACE)) {
211-                advance(p);
--
327:static member_t *parse_struct_members(parser_t *p) {
328-    member_t *head = NULL, *tail = NULL;
329-    while (!check(p, TK_RBRACE)) {

95	/* Resolves a PC-relative call/jmp target. Same-section same-file targets
96	 * fold to a fixed relative displacement directly; anything else (extern,
97	 * or -f bin's "always resolvable" absolute model) is handled by the
98	 * caller via this return value or a relocation. `next_ip_rel` is the
99	 * SECTION-RELATIVE position right after the relative field (i.e. NOT
100	 * org-adjusted - this function adds org itself when is_bin, consistently
101	 * with how it computes the target, since bin-mode "addresses" are
102	 * `org + offset` throughout). */
103	static int64_t resolve_pcrel(asm_ctx_t *ctx, int is_bin, const char *sym, int64_t disp,
104	                               section_kind_t cur_sec, int64_t next_ip_rel,
105	                               section_kind_t patch_sec, uint32_t patch_off, int strict,
106	                               int field_bytes) {
107	    if (!sym[0]) {
108	        /* Bare constant target address, e.g. `jmp KERNEL_LOAD_ADDR`
109	         * where KERNEL_LOAD_ADDR is an EQU - disp is already the
110	         * absolute target, no symbol lookup needed. */
111	        int64_t next_ip = is_bin ? (int64_t)ctx->org + next_ip_rel : next_ip_rel;
112	        return disp - next_ip;
113	    }
114	    symbol_t *s = sym_find(ctx, sym);
115	    if (is_bin) {
116	        if (!s || !s->defined) {
117	            if (strict) { fprintf(stderr, "as: undefined symbol '%s'\n", sym); exit(1); }
118	            return 0;
119	        }
120	        int64_t target = (int64_t)ctx->org + (int64_t)s->offset + disp;
121	        int64_t next_ip = (int64_t)ctx->org + next_ip_rel;
122	        return target - next_ip;
123	    }
124	    if (s && s->defined && s->section == cur_sec) {
125	        return ((int64_t)s->offset + disp) - next_ip_rel;
126	    }
127	    /* Same REL-vs-RELA reasoning as resolve_abs: the standard x86 addend
128	     * for a rel32 call/jmp is -field_bytes (the CPU measures the
129	     * displacement from the end of the instruction), and that addend
130	     * must be baked into the bytes, not left as 0. */
131	    int32_t addend = (int32_t)(disp - field_bytes);
132	    if (strict) {
133	        add_reloc(ctx, patch_sec, patch_off, sym, addend, RELOC_PC32);
134	    }
135	    return addend;
136	}
137	
138	/* --- generic 32-bit ModRM(+SIB+disp) encoder ---
139	 * Used by CC-generated code (always 32-bit: kernel and host targets are
140	 * both x86-32). Handles register-direct, [esp]/[esp+disp8] (SIB - ESP
141	 * can't be a plain ModRM base), [ebp+disp32] (always the disp32 form,
142	 * mod=10 - mod=00 with rm=101 means "disp32 direct address" instead of
143	 * "ebp with no displacement", so EBP-relative never uses mod=00), and
144	 * [label(+disp)] (mod=00, rm=101, disp32 direct address - 32-bit's other
145	 * ModRM special case). `reg_field` is either another register or a group
146	 * opcode extension number, per the caller. */
147	static void encode_rm32(emitter_t *e, asm_ctx_t *ctx, int is_bin, operand_t *rm, int reg_field,
148	                          section_kind_t patch_sec, uint32_t stmt_offset, int strict) {
149	    if (rm->kind == OPND_REG) {
150	        e8(e, (uint8_t)(0xC0 | (reg_field << 3) | regnum(rm->reg)));
151	        return;
152	    }
153	    if (rm->reg == R_ESP) {
154	        if (rm->disp == 0) {
155	            e8(e, (uint8_t)(0x04 | (reg_field << 3)));
156	            e8(e, 0x24);
157	        } else {
158	            e8(e, (uint8_t)(0x44 | (reg_field << 3)));
159	            e8(e, 0x24);
160	            e8(e, (uint8_t)rm->disp);
161	        }
162	        return;
163	    }
164	    if (rm->reg == R_EBP) {
165	        e8(e, (uint8_t)(0x85 | (reg_field << 3)));
166	        e32(e, (uint32_t)rm->disp);
167	        return;
168	    }
169	    if (rm->reg != R_NONE) {
170	        /* [reg] / [reg+disp] for any other GP register (EAX/ECX/EDX/EBX/
171	         * ESI/EDI) - no SIB needed, and mod=00 with no displacement is
172	         * safe here (rm=101/EBP is the only base register where mod=00
173	         * means something else - see the EBP case above). Always uses
174	         * the disp32 form when non-zero, same "no size-optimization"
175	         * philosophy as everywhere else in this encoder. */
176	        if (rm->disp == 0) {
177	            e8(e, (uint8_t)(0x00 | (reg_field << 3) | regnum(rm->reg)));
178	        } else {
179	            e8(e, (uint8_t)(0x80 | (reg_field << 3) | regnum(rm->reg)));
180	            e32(e, (uint32_t)rm->disp);
181	        }
182	        return;
183	    }
184	    /* bare label, no base register: 32-bit direct address */
185	    e8(e, (uint8_t)(0x05 | (reg_field << 3)));
186	    uint32_t patch_off = stmt_offset + (uint32_t)e->len;
187	    int64_t addr = resolve_abs(ctx, is_bin, rm->sym, rm->disp, patch_sec, patch_off, strict);
188	    e32(e, (uint32_t)addr);
189	}
190	
191	/* ADD/OR/AND/SUB/XOR/CMP share one opcode block layout:
192	 * base+0 = r/m8,r8 ; base+1 = r/m32,r32 ; base+2 = r8,r/m8 ; base+3 = r32,r/m32
193	 * base+4 = AL,imm8 ; base+5 = eAX,imm32 ; group1 (0x81 /ext) = r/m,imm32 */
194	static int alu_lookup(const char *m, int *base, int *ext) {
195	    static const struct { const char *name; int base, ext; } table[] = {
196	        { "add", 0x00, 0 }, { "or", 0x08, 1 }, { "and", 0x20, 4 },
197	        { "sub", 0x28, 5 }, { "xor", 0x30, 6 }, { "cmp", 0x38, 7 },
198	    };
199	    for (size_t i = 0; i < sizeof(table) / sizeof(table[0]); i++) {
200	        if (strcmp(m, table[i].name) == 0) { *base = table[i].base; *ext = table[i].ext; return 1; }
201	    }
202	    return 0;
203	}
204	
205	/* --- the encoder --- */
206	
207	int stmt_encode(asm_ctx_t *ctx, stmt_t *st, uint8_t *out, int strict) {
208	    emitter_t e = { out, 0 };
209	    const char *m = st->mnemonic;

596	static void emit_data_bytes(node_t *init, type_t *t);
597	
598	static void emit_scalar_bytes(node_t *v, type_t *t) {
599	    /* A string-literal initializer for a pointer-typed field (e.g.
600	     * toolchain/as/parser.c's `static const regdef_t REGS[] =
601	     * {{"al",R_AL,1}, ...}` - Phase T8's self-hosting build is what
602	     * first exercised a string literal inside a struct-array global
603	     * initializer) needs the string's own label, not v->num - an ND_STR
604	     * node never sets ->num at all, so this silently emitted `dd 0`
605	     * (a NULL pointer) instead of a relocation to the string's bytes. */
606	    if (v->kind == ND_STR) { out("    dd %s\n", v->asm_label); return; }
607	    if (t->kind == TY_CHAR) out("    db %lld\n", (long long)v->num);
608	    else out("    dd %lld\n", (long long)v->num);
609	}
610	
611	static void emit_data_bytes(node_t *init, type_t *t) {
612	    if (!init) {
613	        out("    resb %d\n", type_size(t));
614	        return;
615	    }
616	    if (t->kind == TY_ARRAY && init->kind == ND_BLOCK) {
617	        int count = 0;
618	        for (node_t *v = init->list; v; v = v->next) { emit_data_bytes(v, t->base); count++; }
619	        int pad = t->array_len - count;
620	        for (int i = 0; i < pad; i++) out("    resb %d\n", type_size(t->base));
621	        return;
622	    }
623	    if ((t->kind == TY_STRUCT || t->kind == TY_UNION) && init->kind == ND_BLOCK) {
624	        /* Positional: walk declared members alongside the initializer
625	         * list (no designated-initializer support - see
626	         * docs/toolchain.md). A union brace-init like value_t's
627	         * `{ VAL_INT, { 0 } }` naturally works here too: its one element
628	         * targets the first member at offset 0, and the trailing-padding
629	         * check below fills out the rest of the union's size. */
630	        member_t *m = t->members;

build/toolchain/cc -Ikernel -Itoolchain/include -o build/ata.S kernel/ata.c
build/toolchain/as -f elf32 -o build/ata.o build/ata.S
build/toolchain/cc -Ikernel -Itoolchain/include -o build/fs/tinyfs.S kernel/fs/tinyfs.c
build/toolchain/as -f elf32 -o build/fs/tinyfs.o build/fs/tinyfs.S
build/toolchain/cc -Ikernel -Itoolchain/include -o build/fs/tinyfs_disk.S kernel/fs/tinyfs_disk.c
build/toolchain/as -f elf32 -o build/fs/tinyfs_disk.o build/fs/tinyfs_disk.S
build/toolchain/cc -Ikernel -Itoolchain/include -o build/keyboard.S kernel/keyboard.c
build/toolchain/as -f elf32 -o build/keyboard.o build/keyboard.S
build/toolchain/cc -Ikernel -Itoolchain/include -o build/shell/shell.S kernel/shell/shell.c
build/toolchain/as -f elf32 -o build/shell/shell.o build/shell/shell.S
build/toolchain/cc -Ikernel -Itoolchain/include -o build/lang/lexer.S kernel/lang/lexer.c
build/toolchain/as -f elf32 -o build/lang/lexer.o build/lang/lexer.S
build/toolchain/cc -Ikernel -Itoolchain/include -o build/lang/script/ast.S kernel/lang/script/ast.c
build/toolchain/as -f elf32 -o build/lang/script/ast.o build/lang/script/ast.S
build/toolchain/cc -Ikernel -Itoolchain/include -o build/lang/script/parser.S kernel/lang/script/parser.c
build/toolchain/as -f elf32 -o build/lang/script/parser.o build/lang/script/parser.S
build/toolchain/cc -Ikernel -Itoolchain/include -o build/lang/script/eval.S kernel/lang/script/eval.c
build/toolchain/as -f elf32 -o build/lang/script/eval.o build/lang/script/eval.S
build/toolchain/cc -Ikernel -Itoolchain/include -o build/lang/compiler/parser.S kernel/lang/compiler/parser.c
build/toolchain/as -f elf32 -o build/lang/compiler/parser.o build/lang/compiler/parser.S
build/toolchain/cc -Ikernel -Itoolchain/include -o build/lang/compiler/codegen.S kernel/lang/compiler/codegen.c
build/toolchain/as -f elf32 -o build/lang/compiler/codegen.o build/lang/compiler/codegen.S
build/toolchain/cc -Ikernel -Itoolchain/include -o build/lang/vm.S kernel/lang/vm.c
build/toolchain/as -f elf32 -o build/lang/vm.o build/lang/vm.S
gcc -Wall -Wextra -O2 -o build/toolchain/ld toolchain/ld/elf_reader.c toolchain/ld/link_flat.c toolchain/ld/link_static_exec.c toolchain/ld/main.c
build/toolchain/ld -T kernel/link.ld --format bin -o build/kernel.bin build/entry.o build/idt_stubs.o build/kmain.o build/console.o build/serial.o build/gdt.o build/idt.o build/string.o build/memory.o build/selftest.o build/ata.o build/fs/tinyfs.o build/fs/tinyfs_disk.o build/keyboard.o build/shell/shell.o build/lang/lexer.o build/lang/script/ast.o build/lang/script/parser.o build/lang/script/eval.o build/lang/compiler/parser.o build/lang/compiler/codegen.o build/lang/vm.o
build/toolchain/cc --target=host -Ikernel -Itools -Itoolchain/include -o build/host_tinyfs.S kernel/fs/tinyfs.c
build/toolchain/as -f elf32 -o build/host_tinyfs.o build/host_tinyfs.S
build/toolchain/cc --target=host -Ikernel -Itools -Itoolchain/include -o build/host_string.S kernel/string.c
build/toolchain/as -f elf32 -o build/host_string.o build/host_string.S
build/toolchain/cc --target=host -Ikernel -Itools -Itoolchain/include -o build/host_mkfs_tinyfs.S tools/mkfs_tinyfs.c
build/toolchain/as -f elf32 -o build/host_mkfs_tinyfs.o build/host_mkfs_tinyfs.S
build/toolchain/ld -o build/mkfs_tinyfs build/host_tinyfs.o build/host_string.o build/host_mkfs_tinyfs.o
dd if=/dev/zero of=build/disk.img bs=512 count=4096 status=none
dd if=build/boot.bin of=build/disk.img conv=notrunc status=none
dd if=build/stage2.bin of=build/disk.img bs=512 seek=1 conv=notrunc status=none
dd if=build/kernel.bin of=build/disk.img bs=512 seek=5 conv=notrunc status=none
build/mkfs_tinyfs build/disk.img tests/hello.tsh:hello.tsh tests/hello.tc:hello.tc
mkfs_tinyfs: done
rm build/console.S build/shell/shell.S build/idt.S build/lang/script/parser.S build/lang/script/ast.S build/lang/script/eval.S build/lang/vm.S build/lang/compiler/codegen.S build/lang/compiler/parser.S build/kmain.S build/gdt.S build/string.S build/fs/tinyfs.S build/selftest.S build/serial.S build/lang/lexer.S build/fs/tinyfs_disk.S build/ata.S build/keyboard.S build/memory.S

mkdir -p build/lang
mkdir -p build/lang/script
mkdir -p build/lang/compiler
build/toolchain/as -f elf32 -o build/entry.o kernel/entry.S
build/toolchain/as -f elf32 -o build/idt_stubs.o kernel/idt_stubs.S
build/toolchain/cc -Ikernel -Itoolchain/include -o build/kmain.S kernel/kmain.c
build/toolchain/as -f elf32 -o build/kmain.o build/kmain.S
build/toolchain/cc -Ikernel -Itoolchain/include -o build/console.S kernel/console.c
build/toolchain/as -f elf32 -o build/console.o build/console.S
build/toolchain/cc -Ikernel -Itoolchain/include -o build/serial.S kernel/serial.c
build/toolchain/as -f elf32 -o build/serial.o build/serial.S
build/toolchain/cc -Ikernel -Itoolchain/include -o build/gdt.S kernel/gdt.c
build/toolchain/as -f elf32 -o build/gdt.o build/gdt.S
build/toolchain/cc -Ikernel -Itoolchain/include -o build/idt.S kernel/idt.c
build/toolchain/as -f elf32 -o build/idt.o build/idt.S
build/toolchain/cc -Ikernel -Itoolchain/include -o build/string.S kernel/string.c
build/toolchain/as -f elf32 -o build/string.o build/string.S
build/toolchain/cc -Ikernel -Itoolchain/include -o build/memory.S kernel/memory.c
build/toolchain/as -f elf32 -o build/memory.o build/memory.S
build/toolchain/cc -Ikernel -Itoolchain/include -o build/selftest.S kernel/selftest.c
build/toolchain/as -f elf32 -o build/selftest.o build/selftest.S
build/toolchain/cc -Ikernel -Itoolchain/include -o build/ata.S kernel/ata.c
build/toolchain/as -f elf32 -o build/ata.o build/ata.S
build/toolchain/cc -Ikernel -Itoolchain/include -o build/fs/tinyfs.S kernel/fs/tinyfs.c
build/toolchain/as -f elf32 -o build/fs/tinyfs.o build/fs/tinyfs.S
build/toolchain/cc -Ikernel -Itoolchain/include -o build/fs/tinyfs_disk.S kernel/fs/tinyfs_disk.c
build/toolchain/as -f elf32 -o build/fs/tinyfs_disk.o build/fs/tinyfs_disk.S
build/toolchain/cc -Ikernel -Itoolchain/include -o build/keyboard.S kernel/keyboard.c
build/toolchain/as -f elf32 -o build/keyboard.o build/keyboard.S
build/toolchain/cc -Ikernel -Itoolchain/include -o build/shell/shell.S kernel/shell/shell.c
build/toolchain/as -f elf32 -o build/shell/shell.o build/shell/shell.S
build/toolchain/cc -Ikernel -Itoolchain/include -o build/lang/lexer.S kernel/lang/lexer.c
build/toolchain/as -f elf32 -o build/lang/lexer.o build/lang/lexer.S
build/toolchain/cc -Ikernel -Itoolchain/include -o build/lang/script/ast.S kernel/lang/script/ast.c
build/toolchain/as -f elf32 -o build/lang/script/ast.o build/lang/script/ast.S
build/toolchain/cc -Ikernel -Itoolchain/include -o build/lang/script/parser.S kernel/lang/script/parser.c
build/toolchain/as -f elf32 -o build/lang/script/parser.o build/lang/script/parser.S
build/toolchain/cc -Ikernel -Itoolchain/include -o build/lang/script/eval.S kernel/lang/script/eval.c
build/toolchain/as -f elf32 -o build/lang/script/eval.o build/lang/script/eval.S
build/toolchain/cc -Ikernel -Itoolchain/include -o build/lang/compiler/parser.S kernel/lang/compiler/parser.c
build/toolchain/as -f elf32 -o build/lang/compiler/parser.o build/lang/compiler/parser.S
build/toolchain/cc -Ikernel -Itoolchain/include -o build/lang/compiler/codegen.S kernel/lang/compiler/codegen.c
build/toolchain/as -f elf32 -o build/lang/compiler/codegen.o build/lang/compiler/codegen.S
build/toolchain/cc -Ikernel -Itoolchain/include -o build/lang/vm.S kernel/lang/vm.c
build/toolchain/as -f elf32 -o build/lang/vm.o build/lang/vm.S
build/toolchain/ld -T kernel/link.ld --format bin -o build/kernel.bin build/entry.o build/idt_stubs.o build/kmain.o build/console.o build/serial.o build/gdt.o build/idt.o build/string.o build/memory.o build/selftest.o build/ata.o build/fs/tinyfs.o build/fs/tinyfs_disk.o build/keyboard.o build/shell/shell.o build/lang/lexer.o build/lang/script/ast.o build/lang/script/parser.o build/lang/script/eval.o build/lang/compiler/parser.o build/lang/compiler/codegen.o build/lang/vm.o
build/toolchain/cc --target=host -Ikernel -Itools -Itoolchain/include -o build/host_tinyfs.S kernel/fs/tinyfs.c
build/toolchain/as -f elf32 -o build/host_tinyfs.o build/host_tinyfs.S
build/toolchain/cc --target=host -Ikernel -Itools -Itoolchain/include -o build/host_string.S kernel/string.c
build/toolchain/as -f elf32 -o build/host_string.o build/host_string.S
build/toolchain/cc --target=host -Ikernel -Itools -Itoolchain/include -o build/host_mkfs_tinyfs.S tools/mkfs_tinyfs.c
build/toolchain/as -f elf32 -o build/host_mkfs_tinyfs.o build/host_mkfs_tinyfs.S
build/toolchain/ld -o build/mkfs_tinyfs build/host_tinyfs.o build/host_string.o build/host_mkfs_tinyfs.o
dd if=/dev/zero of=build/disk.img bs=512 count=4096 status=none
dd if=build/boot.bin of=build/disk.img conv=notrunc status=none
dd if=build/stage2.bin of=build/disk.img bs=512 seek=1 conv=notrunc status=none
dd if=build/kernel.bin of=build/disk.img bs=512 seek=5 conv=notrunc status=none
build/mkfs_tinyfs build/disk.img tests/hello.tsh:hello.tsh tests/hello.tc:hello.tc
mkfs_tinyfs: done
rm build/console.S build/shell/shell.S build/idt.S build/lang/script/parser.S build/lang/script/ast.S build/lang/script/eval.S build/lang/vm.S build/lang/compiler/codegen.S build/lang/compiler/parser.S build/kmain.S build/gdt.S build/string.S build/fs/tinyfs.S build/selftest.S build/serial.S build/lang/lexer.S build/fs/tinyfs_disk.S build/ata.S build/keyboard.S build/memory.S

Saved working directory and index state WIP on main: 1d62d14 Phase T7: full switch-over to the self-hosted toolchain
run_tests: PASS
qemu-system-i386: terminating on signal 15 from pid 1549943 (bash)
On branch main
Changes not staged for commit:
  (use "git add <file>..." to update what will be committed)
  (use "git restore <file>..." to discard changes in working directory)
	modified:   Makefile
	modified:   toolchain/as/elf_format.h
	modified:   toolchain/as/elf_writer.c
	modified:   toolchain/as/encode.c
	modified:   toolchain/as/parser.c
	modified:   toolchain/cc/builtins.c
	modified:   toolchain/cc/cc.h
	modified:   toolchain/cc/codegen.c
	modified:   toolchain/cc/lexer.c
	modified:   toolchain/cc/parser.c
	modified:   toolchain/include/stdint.h
	modified:   toolchain/ld/elf_format.h
	modified:   toolchain/ld/elf_reader.c
	modified:   toolchain/ld/ld.h
	modified:   toolchain/ld/link_flat.c
	modified:   toolchain/ld/link_static_exec.c

Untracked files:
  (use "git add <file>..." to include in what will be committed)
	toolchain/hostlib/
	toolchain/include/ctype.h
	toolchain/include/hostsys.h
	toolchain/include/stdarg.h
	toolchain/include/stdio.h
	toolchain/include/stdlib.h
	toolchain/include/string.h
	toolchain/include/sys/
	tools/bootstrap_selfhost.sh

no changes added to commit (use "git add" and/or "git commit -a")
Dropped refs/stash@{0} (667772bdf5c618530bab0f6a4b815f61e7c32664)

/tmp/oldsrc/toolchain/as/bin_writer.c:1:10: fatal error: as.h: No such file or directory
    1 | #include "as.h"
      |          ^~~~~~
compilation terminated.
/tmp/oldsrc/toolchain/as/elf_writer.c:1:10: fatal error: as.h: No such file or directory
    1 | #include "as.h"
      |          ^~~~~~
compilation terminated.
/tmp/oldsrc/toolchain/as/encode.c:1:10: fatal error: as.h: No such file or directory
    1 | #include "as.h"
      |          ^~~~~~
compilation terminated.
/tmp/oldsrc/toolchain/as/lexer.c:1:10: fatal error: as.h: No such file or directory
    1 | #include "as.h"
      |          ^~~~~~
compilation terminated.
/tmp/oldsrc/toolchain/as/main.c:1:10: fatal error: as.h: No such file or directory
    1 | #include "as.h"
      |          ^~~~~~
compilation terminated.
/tmp/oldsrc/toolchain/as/parser.c:1:10: fatal error: as.h: No such file or directory
    1 | #include "as.h"
      |          ^~~~~~
compilation terminated.
/tmp/oldsrc/toolchain/cc/builtins.c:1:10: fatal error: cc.h: No such file or directory
    1 | #include "cc.h"
      |          ^~~~~~
compilation terminated.
/tmp/oldsrc/toolchain/cc/codegen.c:1:10: fatal error: cc.h: No such file or directory
    1 | #include "cc.h"
      |          ^~~~~~
compilation terminated.
/tmp/oldsrc/toolchain/cc/lexer.c:1:10: fatal error: cc.h: No such file or directory
    1 | #include "cc.h"
      |          ^~~~~~
compilation terminated.
/tmp/oldsrc/toolchain/cc/main.c:1:10: fatal error: cc.h: No such file or directory
    1 | #include "cc.h"
      |          ^~~~~~
compilation terminated.
/tmp/oldsrc/toolchain/cc/parser.c:1:10: fatal error: cc.h: No such file or directory
    1 | #include "cc.h"
      |          ^~~~~~
compilation terminated.
/tmp/oldsrc/toolchain/cc/preprocessor.c:1:10: fatal error: cc.h: No such file or directory
    1 | #include "cc.h"
      |          ^~~~~~
compilation terminated.
/tmp/oldsrc/toolchain/cc/types.c:1:10: fatal error: cc.h: No such file or directory
    1 | #include "cc.h"
      |          ^~~~~~
compilation terminated.
/tmp/oldsrc/toolchain/ld/elf_reader.c:1:10: fatal error: ld.h: No such file or directory
    1 | #include "ld.h"
      |          ^~~~~~
compilation terminated.
/tmp/oldsrc/toolchain/ld/link_flat.c:1:10: fatal error: ld.h: No such file or directory
    1 | #include "ld.h"
      |          ^~~~~~
compilation terminated.
/tmp/oldsrc/toolchain/ld/link_static_exec.c:1:10: fatal error: ld.h: No such file or directory
    1 | #include "ld.h"
      |          ^~~~~~
compilation terminated.
/tmp/oldsrc/toolchain/ld/main.c:1:10: fatal error: ld.h: No such file or directory
    1 | #include "ld.h"
      |          ^~~~~~
compilation terminated.
old tools built
new tools built

/bin/bash: line 13: /tmp/oldsrc/toolchain: Is a directory
mkdir: Already exists
/bin/bash: line 13: /tmp/oldsrc/gcc/nasm/ld/objcopy: Not a directory
/bin/bash: line 13: /tmp/oldsrc//: Is a directory
/bin/bash: line 13: /tmp/oldsrc//: Is a directory
mkdir: Already exists
/bin/bash: line 13: /tmp/oldsrc/struct/union: Not a directory
mkdir: Already exists
/bin/bash: line 13: /tmp/oldsrc/kernel/lang/script/eval.c: Not a directory
mkdir: Already exists
/bin/bash: line 13: /tmp/oldsrc/tests/toolchain/t06_switch.c: Not a directory
mkdir: Already exists
/bin/bash: line 13: /tmp/oldsrc/tests/toolchain/t07_comma.c: Not a directory
mkdir: Already exists
/bin/bash: line 13: /tmp/oldsrc/tests/toolchain/t08_forward_struct.c: Not a directory
mkdir: Already exists
/bin/bash: line 13: /tmp/oldsrc/tests/toolchain/t09_local_init.c: Not a directory
mkdir: Already exists
/bin/bash: line 13: /tmp/oldsrc/tests/toolchain/t10_short.c: Not a directory
mkdir: Already exists
/bin/bash: line 13: /tmp/oldsrc/tests/toolchain/t11_array_size.c: Not a directory
mkdir: Already exists
/bin/bash: line 13: /tmp/oldsrc/tests/toolchain/t12_local_array_size.c: Not a directory
mkdir: Already exists
/bin/bash: line 13: /tmp/oldsrc/tests/toolchain/t13_struct_copy.c: Not a directory
mkdir: Already exists
/bin/bash: line 13: /tmp/oldsrc/tests/toolchain/t14_struct_return.c: Not a directory
mkdir: Already exists
/bin/bash: line 13: /tmp/oldsrc/tests/toolchain/t15_escapes.c: Not a directory
/bin/bash: line 13: /tmp/oldsrc/++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++---------------------------------------------: File name too long
/tmp/oldsrc/toolchain/as:
as.h
bin_writer.c
elf_format.h
elf_writer.c
encode.c
lexer.c
main.c
parser.c

/tmp/oldsrc/toolchain/cc:
builtins.c
cc.h
codegen.c
lexer.c
main.c
parser.c
preprocessor.c
types.c

/tmp/oldsrc/toolchain/ld:
elf_format.h
elf_reader.c
ld.h
link_flat.c
link_static_exec.c
main.c
old tools rebuilt

Saved working directory and index state WIP on main: 1d62d14 Phase T7: full switch-over to the self-hosted toolchain
On branch main
Changes not staged for commit:
  (use "git add <file>..." to update what will be committed)
  (use "git restore <file>..." to discard changes in working directory)
	modified:   Makefile
	modified:   toolchain/as/elf_format.h
	modified:   toolchain/as/elf_writer.c
	modified:   toolchain/as/encode.c
	modified:   toolchain/as/parser.c
	modified:   toolchain/cc/builtins.c
	modified:   toolchain/cc/cc.h
	modified:   toolchain/cc/codegen.c
	modified:   toolchain/cc/lexer.c
	modified:   toolchain/cc/parser.c
	modified:   toolchain/include/stdint.h
	modified:   toolchain/ld/elf_format.h
	modified:   toolchain/ld/elf_reader.c
	modified:   toolchain/ld/ld.h
	modified:   toolchain/ld/link_flat.c
	modified:   toolchain/ld/link_static_exec.c

Untracked files:
  (use "git add <file>..." to include in what will be committed)
	toolchain/hostlib/
	toolchain/include/ctype.h
	toolchain/include/hostsys.h
	toolchain/include/stdarg.h
	toolchain/include/stdio.h
	toolchain/include/stdlib.h
	toolchain/include/string.h
	toolchain/include/sys/
	tools/bootstrap_selfhost.sh

no changes added to commit (use "git add" and/or "git commit -a")
Dropped refs/stash@{0} (2f5028bcf4f6a2d712e2c14ee0469c0be78b482b)
=== comparisons ===
/tmp/kernel_t7.bin /tmp/kernel_t8.bin differ: byte 2, line 1
kernel.bin: DIFFERS
/tmp/boot_t7.bin /tmp/boot_t8.bin differ: byte 77, line 1
boot.bin: DIFFERS
stage2.bin: SAME
mkfs_tinyfs: SAME
/tmp/disk_t7.img /tmp/disk_t8.img differ: byte 77, line 1
disk.img: DIFFERS

0000003c: f4e9 fcff 1000 0400 007e 0000 0100 0000  .........~......
0000004c: 0000 0000 626f 6f74 2000 6469 736b 2065  ....boot .disk e
0000005c: 7272 0000 0000 0000                      rr......
---
0000003c: f4e9 fcff 1000 0400 007e 0000 0100 0000  .........~......
0000004c: 0100 0000 626f 6f74 2000 6469 736b 2065  ....boot .disk e
0000005c: 7272 0000 0000 0000                      rr......
--- boot.S ---
; Stage 1 MBR boot sector.
; BIOS loads this at 0x7c00 and jumps to it in 16-bit real mode.
; Job: load stage2 (STAGE2_SECTORS sectors starting at LBA 1) to 0x0000:0x7e00
; and jump to it. Kept deliberately minimal - all real work happens in stage2.

BITS 16
ORG 0x7c00

STAGE2_SECTORS equ 4      ; must match the padding at the end of stage2.S

start:
    xor ax, ax
    mov ds, ax
    mov es, ax
    mov ss, ax
    mov sp, 0x7c00

    mov si, msg_boot
    call print_str16

    mov si, dap
    mov ah, 0x42        ; INT13h extended read (LBA)
    mov dl, 0x80         ; first hard disk (matches qemu -drive raw image)
    int 0x13
    jc disk_error

    jmp 0x0000:0x7e00

print_str16:
    pusha
.loop:
    lodsb
    or al, al
    jz .done
    mov ah, 0x0e         ; BIOS teletype output
    mov bh, 0
    int 0x10
    jmp .loop
.done:
    popa
    ret

disk_error:
    mov si, msg_err
    call print_str16
.hang:
    hlt
    jmp .hang

align 4
dap:                     ; disk address packet for INT13h AH=0x42
    db 0x10               ; packet size
    db 0                  ; reserved
    dw STAGE2_SECTORS      ; sectors to read
    dw 0x7e00              ; destination offset
    dw 0x0000               ; destination segment
    dq 1                    ; starting LBA (sector right after the MBR)

msg_boot: db "boot ", 0
msg_err:  db "disk err", 0

times 510-($-$$) db 0
dw 0xAA55

ata.o
boot.bin
console.o
disk.img
entry.o
fs
gdt.o
host_mkfs_tinyfs.S
host_mkfs_tinyfs.o
host_string.S
host_string.o
host_tinyfs.S
host_tinyfs.o
idt.o
idt_stubs.o
kernel.bin
keyboard.o
kmain.o
lang
memory.o
mkfs_tinyfs
selftest.o
serial.log
serial.o
shell
stage2.bin
string.o
toolchain
toolchain-stage1
toolchain-stage2
toolchain-stage2-obj
toolchain-stage3
toolchain-stage3-obj